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　　Autotroph(自养生物)

　　An organism that can produce the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Autotrophs do not rely on other organisms for food. In a food web, autotrophs are producers.

　　Auxin(茁长素) ：一种植物激素，刺激细胞伸长

　　One in a class of plant hormones that stimulates (among other things) cell elongation, secondary tissue growth, and fruit development.

　　amino acid(氨基酸)

　　The monomer of a protein. A central carbon attached to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom (–H). The fourth group is variable and defines the amino acid’s chemical identity.

　　amnion(羊膜) ：位于最内侧直接覆蓄胚体的膜

　　The extraembryonic membrane in birds, reptiles, and mammals that surrounds the embryo, forming an amniotic sac.

　　anaerobic respiration(无氧呼吸)

　　A form of cell respiration that does not use oxygen (as opposed to aerobic cell respiration). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than the aerobic variety and produces just 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. Anaerobic respiration has two stages: glycolysis and fermentation(发酵).

　　****ogous trait (相似特征)：来源于相同祖先，与其他生物种功能、形态上相似的结构

　　A trait that is morphologically and functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition.

　　anaphase (**后期)

　　The stage of mitosis in which sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules; the fourth stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which maternal and paternal homologous pairs are separated on microtubules; the fourth stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which either maternal or paternal sister chromatids are separated on microtubules.

　　androgen(雄性激素)

　　A male sex hormone. (e.g. *【睾酮】)

　　Angiosperm(被子植物)

　　A vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside protective ovaries, such as fruit or flowers. Angiosperms can be monocots(单子叶) or dicots(双子叶).

　　Anther(花粉囊，花药)

　　Pollen-producing structure at the top of the stamen, the male reproductive organ of flowers.

　　Anticodon(反密码子) ：位于tRNA上，和mRNA的'密码子相反配对

　　The sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation.

　　Antigen(抗原)

　　A protein coat on the surface of red blood cells; a red blood cell may have a protein coat of type A, B, or AB. If the cell has no antigens, it is called type O. The presence of a foreign antigen in a body will cause blood to clot.

　　Aorta(大动脉)

　　The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart.

　　aphotic zone(无光带)

　　Literally, zone without light. The aphotic zone is part of the marine pelagic zone and begins 600 feet below the surface of the ocean. Only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in this habitat.

　　taste buds(味蕾)

　　Structures on the tongue that contain chemoreceptors, which respond to four main sensations—sour, salty, bitter, and sweet—to create the sense of taste.

　　Taxonomy(分类法)

　　The study of biological classification.

　　Telophase(末期)

　　The final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis. In telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms around separated sister chromatids and kinetochore microtubules disappear. Cell elongation also occurs during this phase. The final stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and begin to recondense; the final stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to re-form, and the chromosomes begin to recondense.

　　Tendon(腱)

　　Connective tissue between bones and muscles.

　　Testes(睾丸)

　　The male gonads; sperm and * are produced here.

　　Testosterone(睾酮)

　　A hormone necessary for sperm production in men. Also responsible for developing and maintaining the secondary sex characteristics of males, starting at puberty.

　　Thyroid(甲状腺)

　　Gland that produces the hormone thyroxine, which increases the metabolism of most of the cells in the body. Located in the neck.

　　Tissue(**)

　　A group of closely connected and similar cells that cooperate to generate a specific structure or specialized function within an organism.

　　Tracheophyte(维管植物)

　　A terrestrial plant with a vascular system.

　　Trait(特征)

　　Any observable feature or characteristic of an organism.

　　transfer RNA (Trna/翻译RNA)

　　An RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as a link helping to convert messenger RNA into amino acids.

　　Transpiration(蒸发作用)

　　The process by which a plant loses water to its environment through evaporation.

　　trophic level(营养级)

　　Steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in a food web.

　　Tropism(向性)

　　Long-term growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus.

　　Tuber(块茎)

　　Fleshy underground storage structure composed of an enlarged portion of the stem that has on its surface buds capable of producing new plants.

　　taste buds(味蕾)

　　Structures on the tongue that contain chemoreceptors, which respond to four main sensations—sour, salty, bitter, and sweet—to create the sense of taste.

　　Taxonomy(分类法)

　　The study of biological classification.

　　Telophase(末期)

　　The final stage of mitosis before cytokinesis. In telophase, the nuclear envelope re-forms around separated sister chromatids and kinetochore microtubules disappear. Cell elongation also occurs during this phase. The final stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and begin to recondense; the final stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope begins to re-form, and the chromosomes begin to recondense.

　　Tendon(腱)

　　Connective tissue between bones and muscles.

　　Testes(睾丸)

　　The male gonads; sperm and testosterone are produced here.

　　Testosterone(睾酮)

　　A hormone necessary for sperm production in men. Also responsible for developing and maintaining the secondary sex characteristics of males, starting at puberty.

　　Thyroid(甲状腺)

　　Gland that produces the hormone thyroxine, which increases the metabolism of most of the cells in the body. Located in the neck.

　　Tissue(**)

　　A group of closely connected and similar cells that cooperate to generate a specific structure or specialized function within an organism.

　　Tracheophyte(维管植物)

　　A terrestrial plant with a vascular system.

　　Trait(特征)

　　Any observable feature or characteristic of an organism.

　　transfer RNA (Trna/翻译RNA)

　　An RNA molecule used in protein synthesis as a link helping to convert messenger RNA into amino acids.

　　Transpiration(蒸发作用)

　　The process by which a plant loses water to its environment through evaporation.

　　trophic level(营养级)

　　Steps on a food/biomass pyramid that are defined by organisms within a community that are the same distance from the primary producers in a food web.

　　Tropism(向性)

　　Long-term growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus.

　　Tuber(块茎)

　　Fleshy underground storage structure composed of an enlarged portion of the stem that has on its surface buds capable of producing new plants.

　　Autotroph(自养生物)

　　An organism that can produce the organic molecules and energy necessary for life through the processes of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Autotrophs do not rely on other organisms for food. In a food web, autotrophs are producers.

　　Auxin(茁长素) ：一种植物激素，刺激细胞伸长

　　One in a class of plant hormones that stimulates (among other things) cell elongation, secondary tissue growth, and fruit development.

　　amino acid(氨基酸)

　　The monomer of a protein. A central carbon attached to an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a hydrogen atom (–H). The fourth group is variable and defines the amino acid’s chemical identity.

　　amnion(羊膜) ：位于最内侧直接覆蓄胚体的膜

　　The extraembryonic membrane in birds, reptiles, and mammals that surrounds the embryo, forming an amniotic sac.

　　anaerobic respiration(无氧呼吸)

　　A form of cell respiration that does not use oxygen (as opposed to aerobic cell respiration). Anaerobic respiration is less efficient than the aerobic variety and produces just 2 ATP per molecule of glucose. Anaerobic respiration has two stages: glycolysis and fermentation(发酵).

　　****ogous trait (相似特征)：来源于相同祖先，与其他生物种功能、形态上相似的结构

　　A trait that is morphologically and functionally similar to that of a different species but that arose from a distinct, ancestral condition.

　　anaphase (**后期)

　　The stage of mitosis in which sister chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cell by microtubules; the fourth stage of the first meiotic division (meiosis I), during which maternal and paternal homologous pairs are separated on microtubules; the fourth stage of the second meiotic division (meiosis II), during which either maternal or paternal sister chromatids are separated on microtubules.

　　androgen(雄性激素)

　　A male sex hormone. (e.g. testosterone【睾酮】)

　　Angiosperm(被子植物)

　　A vascular flowering plant in which seeds are enclosed inside protective ovaries, such as fruit or flowers. Angiosperms can be monocots(单子叶) or dicots(双子叶).

　　Anther(花粉囊，花药)

　　Pollen-producing structure at the top of the stamen, the male reproductive organ of flowers.

　　Anticodon(反密码子) ：位于tRNA上，和mRNA的'密码子相反配对

　　The sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that pairs with a codon of mRNA at the A site of a ribosome during translation.

　　Antigen(抗原)

　　A protein coat on the surface of red blood cells; a red blood cell may have a protein coat of type A, B, or AB. If the cell has no antigens, it is called type O. The presence of a foreign antigen in a body will cause blood to clot.

　　Aorta(大动脉)

　　The largest artery in the body; carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart.

　　aphotic zone(无光带)

　　Literally, zone without light. The aphotic zone is part of the marine pelagic zone and begins 600 feet below the surface of the ocean. Only chemosynthetic organisms, scavengers, and predators are able to survive in this habitat.

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