2025年11月15日的托福考试已经成为回忆，新东方在线SAT考试网为大家整理了此次考试的托福阅读题目，让我们一起来回顾和分析这次的阅读考查内容。

托福阅读题目

　　植物与生态

　　温带植物

　　温带森林植物phenology受温度与光周期photoperiod共同调控。早春ground layer先展叶开花，利用林冠未闭合前的光与较低温度。植物以累积growing-degree-days而非单日温度触发展叶，并以日照长度预测未来均温。非生物胁迫如late frost与干旱决定生长起止，生物竞争如光照水分亦影响timing。上层canopy展叶晚，顶部温度低，晚霜伤叶风险高，风媒物种在落叶期完成pollination，早叶会阻碍花粉散播。底层植物除春季窗口外，利用夏季光斑或秋季额外光照继续生长。

　　重复历年真题：2025.7.23

　　画

　　特定壁画D的cave history

　　地质学

　　Origin of earth’s salty ocean

　　Scientists have long been interested in discovering the origin of Earth's water and establishing why Earth's oceans are so salty There has been speculation that earliest Earth was so hot that no liquid water existed, and all light elements (such as hydrogen and oxygen) were rapidly stripped away from Earth by the solar wind (a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun). If this were true, then the elements needed to form water on Earth would not have been freely available. As a consequence, it was proposed that collisions with icy comets or similar gas-and water-rich materials brought water to Earth after the planet had sufficiently cooled to retain it. This concept was supported by comparisons of the gas compositions of meteorites with those of rocks from beneath Earth's surface, notably using krypton and xenon, nonmetallic gases that do. not react with other materials. There certainly is enough ice in space to have supplied our water (and atmosphere) in this manner.

　　In July 2015, the space probe Philae. which landed on comet Churi, discovered not only ice and dust, but also 16 types of organic compounds, present not in a loose distribution but in discrete clumps. Suddenly, the idea gained lots of traction that comets brought not only water, but also the ingredients for life, even in ready-made clumps. Intriguingly, in October 2015 it was reported. that-as this comet slowly thaws-molecular oxygen escapes in a constant and high proportion (1% to 10%) relative to water which suggests that the comet also contains a surprising amount of primordial (ancient) oxygen, which was incorporated during the comet's formation.

　　Other work favors an alternative explanation. This work found that the hydrogen isotope ratio (the proportion of different forms of hydrogen) of ice in comets may be different from that of water on Earth. It instead emphasizes that the chemical composition of water on Earth resembles that of the small percentage of water contained within rocky meteorites, and thus in asteroids, which are essentially very large meteorites. Thus, a theory was developed that the asteroids planetesimals. and protoplanets that clumped together to form Earth had carried enough water in their rock minerals to explain our oceans. It would have escaped from the planet's interior as steam, which in turn would have condensed into water at the surface and in the early atmosphere. Calculations indicate that this mechanism can also provide plenty of water to explain Earth's observed water content.

　　We have a more complete understanding of the origin of salt in our oceans. It represents an accumulation of dissolved minerals over tens of millions to hundreds of millions of years. These minerals were broken up and dissolved during chemical weathering We are all familiar with this process from limestone buildings that become pitted or smoothed by the action of water, wind, and weather; this is where the term weathering comes from. The key process at work is one of chemical reactions between the rock and the water, with an important role for gases that are dissolved in water, such as carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide, since these make the water more corrosive. The chemical weathering reactions break up rock minerals into charged atoms or molecules, called ions, which are removed in solution by river water and groundwater. This is exactly what happens when you dissolve table salt in water: the mineral salt breaks down into sodium and chloride ions that are held in a solution.

　　The early atmosphere contained high levels of carbon dioxide, or CO2. This gas is easily dissolved in water, forming a mildly acid solution. In the Co2-rich early atmosphere, this resulted in a corrosive acid rain that was highly effective at chemically weathering rocks, and fresh volcanic rocks are especially easily weathered. The intense weathering released dissolved minerals in the form of ions into river water and groundwater. From early times onward, river and groundwater flow has transported the dissolved minerals to their final collection point, the ocean basins. Given the extremely slow input and removal of salts, it becomes clear that the oceans' vast store of salt has accumulated because the oceans have for ages been the end station for salt transport. Meanwhile water itself continually evaporates from the oceans-concentrating- its salts-and- the evaporated fresh water continues the weathering cycle.

　　历史

　　The enlightenment

　　大发现和文艺复兴及其带来的enlightenment

　　心理学

　　children behavior方面

　　天文学

　　asteroid belt

　　历史

　　欧洲钢铁产业的发展历史

　　水生物

　　关于海洋深处生物

　　古生物

　　did S(一种恐龙) live in swamp

　　农业

　　the agriculture of ancient China

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