『新东方在线托福口语』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 42 Task 3口语练习：Habituation &nbsp;
Habituation is a form of原文题目答案解析，TPO/Official 42 Task 3口语原文范文音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 42 Task 3口语原文独立/综合口语题目答案解析-范文音频翻译-新东方托福官方网校手机版

旁白：现在来听生物课上的一部分。

Narrator: Now listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

教授：土拨鼠是小动物，你可能会在北美广阔的，相对平坦的草地上找到它们。

Professor: Prairie dogs are small animals you're likely to find on wide, relatively flat grassy areas of land in North America.

They tend to live together in large numbers. Now,

一般来说，这些动物不会和人类接触，

generally, these animals don't come into contact with human beings,

让我们假设一些土拨鼠碰巧生活在一个人类经常经过的地方。

let's assume that some prairie dogs happen to live in an area where human beings frequently come and go.

Now the first time the animals would see a human being,

它们会本能地做出反应，发出尖利的吠叫声，

they'd instinctively react by making a sharp, barking sound,

本质上是警告或提醒其他的土拨鼠，这个附近潜在的威胁，

Essentially warning or alerting other prairie dogs that are nearby of this potential threat,

就像它们遇到或是被蛇或鹰这种捕食者威胁时的反应一样。

exactly the same way they'd react if they came upon or were threatened by a snake or a hawk and, an animal that preys on them.

Their instinctive reaction would be one of fear.

它们一直关注着人类，直到这些可怕的、

They keep an eye on the human beings until these scary,

可能存在威胁性的人们已经走了，

possibly threatening individuals are gone,

并且当它们每一次看到人的时候，很可能都会这样反应。

and they are likely to react this way every time they see a human being.

然而，如果人们日复一日地经过这个地区，

However, if people pass through the area day after day,

without threatening them or trying to harm them, well,

结果是，当它们看到一个人经过这片区域时，土拨鼠会逐渐停止吠叫，上蹿下跳。

it turns out that the prairie dogs will gradually stop barking and jumping up and down when they see a human being passing through the area.

它们会停止将人类视为威胁时的那种反应。

they'd stop reacting to humans as though they were a threat.

Habituation &nbsp;
Habituation is a form of learning that is quite common among animals. When an animal experiences a situation for the first time, particularly one it considers threatening, it may instinctively respond by running away or by warning other members of its community with alarm calls. Normally, it responds this way each time the situation occurs. However, if through continuous and prolonged exposure the animal learns that the situation is harmless the behavior gradually diminishes. Ultimately, it will stop responding to the situation altogether. Thus, through habituation a natural or instinctive behavior gradually changes.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
<img src="/upload/image/1516853257860.jpg">
 &nbsp;&nbsp;
 Explain how the example of the prairie dog illustrates the concept of habituation.
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