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旁白：来听生物课上讲座的一部分。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a Biology class.

Professor: Many animals live underground in the soil,

不只是小动物，像蠕虫，还有像哺乳动物这样的大动物。

not just little animals like worms, but also bigger animals like mammals.

生活在地下有很多好处：它能保护动物免受地面捕食者的伤害。

Living underground has advantages: it protects animals from aboveground predators.

然而，地下环境也带来了挑战，

However, the underground environment also presents challenges,

生活在地下的动物已经进化出了适应能力。

and animals that live underground have developed physical adaptations to deal with them.

一个困难是，简单地说，如何钻过泥土在地下活动。

One challeng is, well, simply how to move underground through the dirt.

这只动物面临的另一个挑战是如何保护身体的脆弱部位免受其所处环境的影响。

Another challenge for the animal is to protect vulnerable parts of its body from the environment that it's moving through.

在土壤中移动并不像在空气或水里移动，

Now moving through soil is not like moving through air or water,

因为土壤，大地，是厚而密实的。

因此，生活在地下的动物进化出了身体特征，帮助它们高效地穿过泥土。

So animals that live underground have evolved physical features that help them move through dirt efficiently.

例如，鼹鼠，一种毛茸茸的小哺乳动物，

For example, the mole, a small furry mammal,

有非常大的，超级强壮的前脚和大爪子。

has really wide, super strong front feet with big claws.

鼹鼠的脚就像铲子一样，可以挖出泥土。

The mole's feet act like, uh... like shovels, so it can dig through the dirt.

爪子切进泥土里，把它松开，然后一旦泥土松动了，

The claws cut into the dirt, loosen it up, and then once the dirt is loosened up,

当它向前移动时，宽阔的双脚把泥土抛在身后。

the broad feet throw the dirt behind the mole as it moves forward.

这些铲状的前脚可以让鼹鼠在泥土中极其快速地挖出一条路。

These shovel-like front feet allow a mole to dig its way through the dirt astonishingly quickly.

但即使是一种能在泥土中有效移动的动物，

But even for an animal that can move efficiently through the dirt,

living underground can still be problematic,

因为在动物身体的敏感部位很容易将土颗粒卡住，

because it's easy for particles to get caught in sensitive parts of the animal's body,

所以地下动物已经进化出适应来防止这种情况发生。

So underground animals have developed adaptations to prevent this.

Again let's take the example of the mole.

这些眼睛上覆盖着一层薄薄的皮肤，一层保护膜，上面有毛发。

and these eyes are covered with a thin skin, a protective membrane that's actually got hair on it.

这些毛发能保护鼹鼠的眼睛不受灰尘颗粒的伤害。

These hairs protect the mole's eyes from dirt particles.

所以当鼹鼠在泥土上挖洞时，它的头向前推进，

So as the mole goes digging through the dirt with its head pushed forward,

尘粒接触到覆盖鼹鼠小眼睛的毛膜，

the dirt particles come into contact with the hairy membrane covering the mole's tiny eyes,

这些粒子只是滑过，不会进入鼹鼠的眼睛里去。

and the particles just slide by, don't get caught in the mole's eyes.

所以眼睛，即鼹鼠敏感的部分，受到保护。

So the eyes, the mole's sensitive parts, are protected.

<img src="/upload/ti/2426000-2427000/2426977/fda150c8e7f442c9bf66d70b4586f6f1.jpg">
<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;
<p>Using the example of the mole, explain the two different types of underground adaptation.</p>