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旁白：听地质学课堂上讲座的部分内容。

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a Geology class.

教授：靠近地球表面的岩石直接暴露在环境中的各种元素中，例如空气和水，

Professor: Rocks near the earth's surface are directly exposed to the elements in the environment, such as air and water,

还有温度变化等条件，也包括生物体。

and also to conditions such as temperature change, as well as to living organisms.

这种对环境的暴露实际上会导致巨大的岩石破碎成更小的碎片。

And this exposure to the environment can actually cause even huge rocks to break into smaller pieces.

让我们来谈谈几种风化的方式。

Let's talk about a couple of ways weathering occurs.

First of all, rocks are often exposed to water.

在寒冷潮湿的环境中，岩石会因内部的水结冰而破裂。

In cold, wet environments, rocks can break due to water freezing inside of them.

嗯，因为我确定你知道，当水结冰时，它会膨胀。

Well, 'cause I'm sure you know, when water freezes, it expands.

随着时间的推移，这可能会导致风化。

And over time, this can lead to weathering.

想象一块有小开口或裂缝的石头。

Imagine a rock with a small opening or crack in it.

下雨了，水进入了裂缝，停留在那里。

It rains, and water gets into the crack and stays there.

然后，夜间温度下降，裂缝内的水结冰。

Then, at night the temperature drops and the water inside the crack freezes.

这种不断增长的、不断膨胀的冰将裂缝的两侧向外推开，使其变得稍微大一些。

This growing, expanding ice pushes outward on either side of the crack, causing it to get slightly bigger.

当这种情况一次又一次地发生时，

裂缝变大了，最后，一块岩石断裂了。

the crack becomes larger, and eventually pieces of the rock break off.

好的。风化也可能是由植物，植物生长引起的。

OK. Weathering can also be caused by plants, by plant growth.

如果一颗植物种子被吹进了岩石的裂缝中，

If a plant seed gets blown into the crack of a rock,

它可能会生根，它的根会生长到岩石中。

it may take root and its roots will grow down into the rock.

植物的根可以导致岩石破裂，呃，断裂。

The plant's roots can cause the rock to break down, uh, fracture.

你可能看到过在岩石上生长的大树。

You may have seen this with large trees growing on top of a rock.

通常在岩石的裂缝或岩石顶部有足够的泥土，可以让树在那里生长。

Usually there's enough dirt in the crack of a rock or on top of rock to allow a tree to start growing there.

这棵树的根向下延伸到岩石的裂缝和缝隙中寻找水和养分。

the tree's roots extend downward into the cracks and crevices of the rock in search of water and nutrients.

随着时间的推移，根越来越大，越来越深，

Over time, the roots get bigger and grow deeper,

不断扩宽和扩大裂缝，导致岩石断裂。

widening and enlarging the cracks, causing the rock to break apart.

<img src="/upload/ti/2426000-2427000/2426995/5c437b8f06dc494792e0a9d9e9420f54.jpg">
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Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways weathering occurs.