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斯堪的纳维亚的中石器时代复杂性

欧洲中石器时代（大约从公元前8000年到公元前2700年）证实了自从冰河时代以来人类文化的连续性。

The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age.

但是，这种连续性是基于对末次冰期（大约12500年前）后期环境变化所进行的连续不断的调整。

This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about12, 500 years ago).

在斯堪的纳维亚半岛，中石器时代北部有三个大的分支。

Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia.

Maglemose时期(公元前7500-5700年)，是一个河流和湖泊季节性开发和陆地狩猎与寻觅食物的时期。

The Maglemose Period (7500-5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging.

Kongemose时期(公元前5700-4600年)，主要位于波罗的海沿岸，沿着海湾和靠近泻湖的地方，那时的人们在此开发了海洋和陆地资源。

The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700-4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources.

许多Kongemose区域比Maglemose区域稍微大一些。

Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones.

Ertebølle时期(公元前4600-3200)是斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部中石器时代文化的顶峰。

The Ertebølle Period (4600-3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia.

在Ertebølle时期，斯堪的纳维亚人常年居住在沿海定居点，依靠各种各样的食物来源维持生计。

By the Ertebølle Period, the Scandinavians were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources.

其中包含森林猎物和水禽、贝类、海洋哺乳动物，以及浅水和深水鱼类

These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish.

也有一些较小的季节性沿海站点，用于进行深海捕鱼、海豹或猎杀候鸟等特定活动。

There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds.

丹麦的Aggersund基地就是这样一个地方，在秋天的时候，人们在那居住很短一段时间，收集牡蛎和狩猎，特别是迁徙的天鹅。

One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans.

Ertebøll时期人们的技术比中石器时代的前辈们要精细得多。 出于特殊目的，如用于捕鸟和狩猎海洋哺乳动物的鹿角、骨头和木头工具种类繁多，其中包括长达10米的独木舟。

Ertebølle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors; a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for specialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long.

随着定居的出现，墓葬的使用和埋葬习俗的变化显示出更大的社会复杂性。

With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices.

这种趋向于定居的趋势、墓地以及精细的埋葬所揭示的偶尔的社会分化，都反映在公元前3000年这些相对熟练的狩猎采集者中有资源的密集使用。

The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C.

中石器时代的社会利用开发更多的海洋物种，有效利用迁徙水禽及其繁殖地以及大量采集贝类等手段加强了对食物的需求。

Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more marine species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers.

这种强化也反映在更加复杂和多样化的技术，邻居之间更多的物物交换，更多样化的住区类型，以及整个斯堪的纳维亚南部缓慢增长的人口。

This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia.

这些现象可能在一定程度上反映了中石器时代上升的海平面，淹没了许多珍贵的领土。

These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories.

工艺品的形式和风格上的地域差异表明生活在精心划定的领土上的人们之间的文化差异和对资源的争夺。

There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of cultural differences between people living in  well-delineated territories and competing for resources.

在欧洲其他地方，中石器时代文化的定义并没有那么明确，部分原因是气候变化没有斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部那么极端，也因为适应海岸的机会更少。

Mesolithic cultures are much less well defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation.

在中欧大部分地区，人们居住的地方都局限在湖边和河边，彼此之间被茂密的森林隔开。

In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests.

很多中石器时代的湖滨遗址位于不同环境之间的过渡地带，这样居民就可以回到中心基地，在那里他们大部分时间都生活在可预测的资源附近，如湖鱼。

Many Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish.

然而，他们会利用森林猎物和卫星营地的其他季节性资源。

However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps.

如考古学家迈克尔·乔希姆(Michael Jochim)认为，一年大部分时间里都生活在中欧多瑙河沿岸的营地里的一些人，会搬到邻近湖泊岸边的夏季营地。

For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes.

在像西班牙这样的地区，人们对海洋和森林资源的开发有所加强。

In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources.

几乎所有地方都出现了饮食多样化的趋势，人们更多地关注那些不太明显的食物，以及那些需要用比野味和其他资源更复杂的加工方法来加工的食物。

There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources.

从而，在欧洲部分地区，狩猎采集社会中存在着一种长期的趋势，在设法减少环境不确定性影响的战略背景下，更广泛地利用食物资源。

Thus, in parts of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty.

在更受欢迎的斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部，这样的社会达到了一个全新的社会复杂性水平，这在后来的农耕民族中变得普遍，而当农耕真的来到欧洲时，这种预先适应被证实了是一个重要的催化剂，它促进了经济和社会的快速变革。

In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about human life in Mesolithic Scandinavia?

Why does the author mention "the Aggersund site in Denmark" and its brief periods of occupation?

Paragraph 2 suggests that before the Ertebølle Period, hunting tools and other Mesolithic technologies

The word "exploiting" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 3, the existence of cemeteries in Mesolithic Scandinavia is associated with

The phrase "confined to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 4, how were Mesolithic societies in central Europe able to meet their food needs for much of the year?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Such adaptation involved changes in hunting and food gathering that make it possible to identify distinct Mesolithic periods and cultures in some regions.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points

Mesolithic Complexity in Scandinavia The European Mesolithic (roughly the period from 8000 B.C. to 2700 B.C.) testifies to a continuity in human culture from the times of the Ice Age.  This continuity, however, was based on continuous adjustment to environmental changes following the end of the last glacial period (about 12,500 years ago).  Three broad subdivisions within the northern Mesolithic are known in Scandinavia.  The Maglemose Period (7500–5700 B.C.) was a time of seasonal exploitation of rivers and lakes, combined with terrestrial hunting and foraging.  The sites from the Kongemose Period (5700–4600 B.C.) are mainly on the Baltic Sea coasts, along bays and near lagoons, where the people exploited both marine and terrestrial resources. Many Kongemose sites are somewhat larger than Maglemose ones. The Ertebølle Period (4600–3200 B.C.) was the culmination of Mesolithic culture in southern Scandinavia. By the Ertebølle Period, the Scandinavians were occupying coastal settlements year-round and subsisting off a very wide range of food sources. These included forest game and waterfowl, shellfish, sea mammals, and both shallow-water and deepwater fish. There were smaller, seasonal coastal sites, too, for specific activities such as deepwater fishing, sealing, or hunting of migratory birds. One such site, the Aggersund site in Denmark, was occupied for short periods of time in the autumn, when the inhabitants collected oysters and hunted some game, especially migratory swans. Ertebølle technology was far more elaborate than that of its Mesolithic predecessors; a wide variety of antler, bone, and wood tools for specialized purposes such as fowling and sea-mammal hunting were developed, including dugout canoes up to ten meters long. With sedentary settlement comes evidence of greater social complexity in the use of cemeteries for burials and changes in burial practices. The trend toward more sedentary settlement, the cemeteries, and the occasional social differentiation revealed by elaborate burials are all reflections of an intensified use of resources among these relatively affluent hunter-gatherers of 3000 B.C. Mesolithic societies intensified the food quest by exploiting many more marine species, making productive use of migratory waterfowl and their breeding grounds, and collecting shellfish in enormous numbers. This intensification is also reflected in a much more elaborate and diverse technology, more exchange of goods and materials between neighbors, greater variety in settlement types, and a slowly rising population throughout southern Scandinavia. These phenomena may, in part, be a reflection of rising sea levels throughout the Mesolithic that flooded many cherished territories. There are signs, too, of regional variations in artifact forms and styles, indicative of cultural differences between people living in well-delineated territories and competing for resources. Mesolithic cultures are much less well-defined elsewhere in Europe, partly because the climatic changes were less extreme than in southern Scandinavia and because there were fewer opportunities for coastal adaptation. In much of central Europe, settlement was confined to lakeside and riverside locations, widely separated from one another by dense forests. Many Mesolithic lakeside sites were located in transitional zones between different environments so that the inhabitants could return to a central base location, where for much of the year they lived close to predictable resources such as lake fish. However, they would exploit both forest game and other seasonal resources from satellite camps. For example, the archaeologist Michael Jochim believes that some groups lived during most of the year in camps along the Danube River in central Europe, moving to summer encampments on the shores of neighboring lakes. In areas like Spain, there appears to have been intensified exploitation of marine and forest resources. There was a trend nearly everywhere toward greater variety in the diet, with more attention being paid to less obvious foods and to those that require more complex processing methods than do game and other such resources. Thus, in parts of Europe, there was a long-term trend among hunter-gatherer societies toward a more extensive exploitation of food resources, often within the context of a strategy that sought ways to minimize the impact of environmental uncertainty. In more favored southern Scandinavia, such societies achieved a new level of social complexity that was to become commonplace among later farming peoples, and this preadaptation proved an important catalyst for rapid economic and social change when farming did come to Europe.