『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 49 Passage 3阅读练习：The author uses the word “compact” in the passage to indicate that after the enclosure movement, agricultural parcels would be真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 49 Passage 3阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 49 Passage 3阅读原文The author uses the word “compact” in the passage to indicate that after the enclosure movement, agricultural parcels would be题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

工业革命有几个根源，其中之一是随着欧洲的海外扩张，早在16世纪就开始的商业革命。

The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas.

出口和进口都出现了惊人的增长，尤其是在英国和法国。

Both exports and imports showed spectacular growth, particularly in England and France.

越来越多的商业活动的增加是海外殖民地的贸易的结果。

An increasingly larger portion of the stepped-up commercial activity was the result of trade with overseas colonies.

进口包括各种新饮料、香料和食品。

Imports included a variety of new beverages, spices, and foodstuffs.

与此同时，不断增长的出口市场吸引了欧洲的纺织品、五金、枪支、船舶和世界各地的船舶货物，并带来了资金回流。

At the same time, a growing export market took European textiles, hardware, firearms, ships, and ships’ goods around the world and brought money flowing back.

欧洲的经济机构，尤其是英国的经济机构，实力雄厚，有足够的财富进行新的投资，而且似乎是在等待某种技术上的突破以进一步扩大它们的盈利潜力。

Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more.

这一突破来到英国，并且英国的经济优势创造了一种特别有利于鼓励新技术的氛围。

That breakthrough came in Great Britain, where several economic advantages created a climate especially favorable to the encouragement of new technology.

一是它在地理位置上位于国际贸易的十字路口。

One was its geographic location at the crossroads of international trade.

在内部，英国有着易于航行的天然水道，这有助于它的贸易和与世界的沟通。

Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterways, which helped its trade and communication with the world.

从17世纪70年代开始，巴拿马运河建设蓬勃发展，使得国内市场更加便利。

Beginning in the 1770’s, it enjoyed a boom in canal building, which helped make its domestic markets more accessible.

由于水运是运送货物到市场最便宜的方式，运河降低了价格，因此消费者的需求也增加了。

Because water transportation was the cheapest means of carrying goods to market, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand.

英国还有丰富的煤炭储量为工业区中如雨后春笋般出现的工厂提供了原料；铁矿石也为铁路设备、工具以及各种工业和消费品的生产提供了原材料。

Great Britain also had rich deposits of coal that fed the factories springing up in industrial areas and iron ore that provided the raw material for the manufacture of railroad equipment, tools, and a variety of industrial and consumer goods.

另一个优势是英国有大量的农村人口、农业工薪阶层以及家庭手工业工人，他们比其他一些国家的（农民）有更大的流动性。

Another advantage was Britain’s large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries.

最终，他们找到了通往城市或矿业社区的道路，并提供了工业革命赖以建立的人力资源。

Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built.

英国人也是消费者；英国没有像法国、意大利或德国之间那样的内部关税，这使得英国成为欧洲最大的自由贸易区。

The British people were also consumers; the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe.

英国相对稳定的政府也有助于创造有利于工业进步的氛围。

Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.

英国更发达的银行和信贷系统也帮助加速了工业进程，因为它是一大批令人印象深刻的企业家和发明家的家。

Great Britain’s better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial process, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors.

他们中有很多不是墨守成规的人，他们的宗教原则鼓励节俭和勤奋而不是奢侈的生活，并且他们倾向于把利润重新投入到自己的生意中，从而为企业的持续扩张提供了基础。

Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their businesses, thus providing the basis for continued expansion.

工业革命的先驱是农业技术革命。

A precursor to the Industrial Revolution was a revolution in agricultural techniques.

早在17世纪中叶，有关农业改革的思想首先出现在荷兰，当时荷兰就采用了诸如轮作、大量施肥和多样化等现代方法。

Ideas about agricultural reform developed first in Holland, where as early as the mid-seventeenth century, such modern methods as crop rotation, heavy fertilization, and diversification were all in use.

荷兰农民以他们的农业创新闻名于欧洲各地，但随着英国市场和机会的增长，英国人很快就从他们那里学到了东西。

Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them.

早在17世纪，荷兰人就帮助他们排干沼泽和湿地，并且在先进技术的帮助下，他们在那里种植新作物。

As early as the seventeenth century the Dutch were helping them drain marshes and fens where, with the help of advanced techniques, they grew new crops.

到了18世纪中期，新的农业方法和牲畜的选择性繁殖在全国流行起来。

By the mid-eighteenth century new agricultural methods as well as selective breeding of livestock had caught on throughout the country.

大部分增加的产量被英国迅速增长的人口消耗掉了。

Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain`s burgeoning population.

与此同时，人们移居城市，部分原因是圈地运动;也就是说，用篱笆围住公共土地和牧场是为了提供更紧凑、更有效的私人持有的农业用地，从而生产更多的商品和获得更大的利润。

At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits.

在16世纪，圈地通常用于创建牧羊场，但到了18世纪，新的农业技术使得大的土地所有者寻求圈地以提高农业生产变得有利。

In the sixteenth century enclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenth century new farming techniques made it advantageous for large landowners to seek enclosures in order to improve agricultural production.

在1714年到1820年间，超过600万英亩的英国土地被围住。

Between 1714 and 1820 over 6 million acres of English land were enclosed.

结果，许多小的、独立的小农户被迫出售土地，因为他们无法竞争。

As a result, many small, independent farmers were forced to sell out simply because they could not compete.

没有土地的农民和农家工人，他们为工资而工作并且在村里的公共用地上放牛或猪，当公共用地上不再可用时，他们也会受到伤害。

Non-landholding peasants and cottage workers, who worked for wages and grazed cows or pigs on the village common, were also hurt when the common was no longer available.

正是这些人开始涌入城市寻找工作并在工厂找到工作，从而改变了这个国家和世界。

It was such people who began to flock to the cities seeking employment and who found work in the factories that would transform the nation and, the world.

According to paragraph 1, all of the following conditions created a favorable environment for the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT

Select the TWO answer choices that according to paragraph 2, enabled the development of British technology. To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.

The phrase “conducive to” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraphs 3 and 4, British businessmen strengthened industrial growth by

Why does the author mention Dutch farming methods in paragraph 5?

The author uses the word “compact” in the passage to indicate that after the enclosure movement, agricultural parcels would be

Paragraph 6 suggests which of the following about land enclosure?

According to paragraph 6, the growth of the workforce in British factories was influenced by

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Cities would not only provide job opportunities but also profoundly affect social patterns, standards of living, political movements, and ideologies.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Background for the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas. Both exports and imports showed spectacular growth, particularly in England and France. An increasingly larger portion of the stepped-up commercial activity was the result of trade with overseas colonies. Imports included a variety of new beverages, spices, and foodstuffs. At the same time, a growing export market took European textiles, hardware, firearms, ships, and ships’ goods around the world and brought money flowing back. Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more. That breakthrough came in Great Britain, where several economic advantages created a climate especially favorable to the encouragement of new technology. One was its geographic location at the crossroads of international trade. Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterways, which helped its trade and communication with the world. Beginning in the 1770s, it enjoyed a boom in canal building, which helped make its domestic markets more accessible. Because water transportation was the cheapest means of carrying goods to market, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand. Great Britain also had rich deposits of coal that fed the factories springing up in industrial areas and iron ore that provided the raw material for the manufacture of railroad equipment, tools, and a variety of industrial and consumer goods. Another advantage was Britain’s large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built. The British people were also consumers; the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress. Great Britain’s better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial process, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors. Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their businesses, thus providing the basis for continued expansion. A precursor to the Industrial Revolution was a revolution in agricultural techniques. Ideas about agricultural reform developed first in Holland, where as early as the mid-seventeenth century, such modern methods as crop rotation, heavy fertilization, and diversification were all in use. Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them. As early as the seventeenth century the Dutch were helping them drain marshes and fens where, with the help of advanced techniques, they grew new crops. By the mid-eighteenth century new agricultural methods as well as selective breeding of livestock had caught on throughout the country. Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain`s burgeoning population. At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits. In the sixteenth century enclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenth century new farming techniques made it advantageous for large landowners to seek enclosures in order to improve agricultural production. Between 1714 and 1820 over 6 million acres of English land were enclosed.  As a result, many small, independent farmers were forced to sell out simply because they could not compete.  Non-landholding peasants and cottage workers, who worked for wages and grazed cows or pigs on the village common, were also hurt when the common was no longer available.  It was such people who began to flock to the cities seeking employment and who found work in the factories that would transform the nation and, the world.