『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 4 Passage 1阅读练习：It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 4 Passage 1阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 4 Passage 1阅读原文It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

在美国西北部太平洋，华盛顿州的普吉特湾地区，有两种鹿很常见。

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

黑尾鹿是目前最常见的一种，生活在西侧低地，是东华盛顿骡鹿的近亲。

The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common.

另外一种，是哥伦比亚白尾鹿，早期常见于开阔的草原地区；现在则被限制在哥伦比亚河下游的低洼沼泽岛和洪泛平原地带。

The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

几乎森林下层的任何一种植物都可以成为一只鹿饮食的一部分。

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer’s diet.

在草和其他草甸植物被森林抑制了生长的区域，黑尾鹿会以越橘、水杨、山茱萸或其它任何灌木或是草本植物为食。

Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb.

是什么能让黑尾鹿在植物腐烂和休眠的严酷季节里存活下来呢？

What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy?

不冬眠的话，内在的驱动会让它们迁徙。

One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.

鹿群们可能会从夏天的高海拔牧区迁徙到深秋的低地。

Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.

即使地面上有雪，浓密的树丛下层也会显露出来；同时，风雪会将雪松、铁杉、红桤木和其它树木的枝叶吹落下来，作为鹿群的食物。

Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.

自从欧洲人进入普吉特湾区域以来，鹿的数量有了明显的波动。

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.

早起的探险家和殖民者说，在19世纪早期有大量的鹿。但他们同时也在哀叹这种美丽猎物的匮乏。

The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.

1805年11月14日，著名的北美边境探险家刘易斯和克拉克，在几近饿毙的状态下到达了哥伦比亚河口。

Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.

他们在落基山西部寻找猎物时遇到了很大的困难，直到12月2日，他们才杀死了第一只麋鹿。

They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.

为了让40个人在那个冬天活下来，他们吃掉了大概150只麋鹿和20只鹿。

To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer.

当猎物在早春离开低地时，探险队决定回到东部，而不是面对可能的饥饿。

And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.

在19世纪早期，当温哥华堡成为哈德逊湾公司的总部时，鹿的数量继续在波动。

Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters for the Hudson’s Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate.

大卫·道格拉斯，是一位19世纪30年代的苏格兰植物探险家。在他对温哥华堡1825年的初次到访到1832年的末次接触期间，他发现了关于城堡周边动物生活的一个令人不安的变化。

David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.

道格拉斯近期的一位传记作者写道：“（1832年），曾经美丽地点缀在城堡周围草地上的鹿消失了。由于要保护庄稼，它们被猎杀至灭绝。”

A recent Douglas biographer states: “The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.”

猎物数量的减少应该已经预示着它们未来的生存会很艰难。

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times.

殖民者侵占土地、伐木、焚烧、清扫，最终以道路、城市、乡镇和工厂取代了野生环境。鹿的困境在恶化。

A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories.

毫无疑问，鹿的数量还在继续下降。

No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.

回想哥伦比亚白尾鹿的命运，它们现在在一个被保护的状态。

Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.

但对于黑尾鹿来说，人类的压力却产生了相反的效果。

But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.

野生动物学家赫尔穆特·布埃赫那（1953）通过记录里的时间回顾了华盛顿生物变化的情况。他说：“从20世纪40年代早期以来，华盛顿州拥有比历史上任何其它时间都多的鹿。冬天鹿群的数量大概在32万头左右波动，包括骡鹿和黑尾鹿。在很长一段时间内，每年会增长65000头不同性别和年龄的鹿。”

Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.”

鹿群数量反弹的原因是其它人类行为的结果。

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions.

第一，鹿群主要面对的捕食者——狼、美洲狮和猞猁已经在数量上大幅减少。

First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers.

第二，通过限制狩猎时间和种类，对鹿群的保护有了保证。

Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.

但鹿群数量恢复的最主要原因是森林的命运。

But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests.

森林由于被砍伐、火烧或两者兼有的情况，导致出现了大量低地，而这成为了鹿群的理想觅食地。

Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds for deer.

长期研究太平洋西北部地区野生动物情况的生物学家亚瑟·艾纳森发现，除了像越橘和藤枫这样适合的植物数量有增加外，开阔地带的植物营养价值也有显著提高。

In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

例如，遮荫植物蛋白质的含量远低于在空地上生长植物的蛋白质含量。

The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington state in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer’s diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate.  Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall.  Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.  The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.  The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the North American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters for the Hudson’s Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states: “The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone , hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.” Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner (1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that “since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.” The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds for deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.