『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 14 Passage 1阅读练习：In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 14 Passage 1阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 14 Passage 1阅读原文In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

年龄较小的儿童会信任媒体中的商业广告，而广告商时而会由于利用这种信任的态度而受到指责。

Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook.

英国电视广告的管理机构——独立电视委员对广告商的“误导行为”（有意或无意地制造一种错误的印象）做出了批评，目的是为了控制广告商所使用的那些手法，因为这些手法使儿童难以判断玩具的真实大小、功能、性能或结构。

The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers’ use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy.

在广告商所使用的误导性策略中，人们的普遍关注集中在广告商对夸张手法的使用。

General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration.

消费者保护团体和家长们都认为：孩子们大多不具备识别这一手法的能力，并且这种夸张手法的运用通常是以产品信息为代价。

Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information.

例如“最好”或“优于”这样的广告词既主观又具有误导性；甚至成年人也可能无法确定其中的含义。

Claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning.

它们所代表的是广告商对自己产品或品牌的观点，因此很难去核实。

They represent the advertiser’s opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify.

广告商有时会通过免责声明（对广告词的限制或条件）来抵消或弥补夸张的说法。

Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim.

例如，一段声称早餐谷物食品有益健康的广告词可能会附有一段免责声明“当其作为营养均衡的早餐的一部分”。

For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.”

但有研究表明，儿童经常很难理解免责声明：儿童可能会把“当其作为营养均衡的早餐的一部分”这一措辞理解为谷类食物是营养均衡早餐的一个必要部分。

However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast.

作者乔治·康斯托克认为：在六到八岁的儿童中，不足四分之一的人可以理解众多玩具广告中所使用的免责声明，如果这些免责声明同时以音频和视频形式呈现就更易于被理解。

The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats.

但是，免责声明主要仅仅以音频形式出现。

Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.

作为广告中更为常见的手法之一，制造幻想可能会误导儿童观众。

Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.

相比于针对成年人的广告，儿童导向的广告更有可能包含魔法与幻想的内容。

Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults.

通过对加拿大电视节目的内容分析，作者斯蒂芬·克兰评论到几乎所有角色玩具的商业广告都具有幻想游戏的特点。

In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play.

儿童擅长想象，幻想的运用把他们的想法带入生活之中，但是儿童或许还没有足够的能力来意识到他们所看到的是虚构的。

Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal.

幻想的情景和环境经常被用来吸引孩子们的注意力，尤其是在食品广告中。

Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children’s attention, particularly in food advertising.

有人发现，多年来早餐谷物食品的广告特别喜欢使用幻想的手法，这些广告中十有八九都包含这样的内容。

Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content.

一般来说，人们无法确定年龄较小的儿童能否辨别广告中的幻想与现实。

Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising.

当然，儿童广告中的理性诉求相对有限，因为大多数广告使用情感和间接诉求以达到（预期的）心理状态或联想。

Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

广告中常常会利用名人，比如歌手和电影明星。

The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising.

其目的是将名人的积极特质转移到广告中的产品上，使两者在观众的脑海中自动建立起联系。

The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience’s mind.

儿童广告中的“名人”往往是受欢迎的卡通片中的动画人物。

In children’s advertising, the “celebrities” are often animated figures from popular cartoons.

最近，儿童广告中名人的作用总是与主角销售这一概念混为一谈。

In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling.

主角销售将广告和常规节目以某种形式相结合，从而使两者很难被区分开。

Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other.

例如，当一个关于卡通狮子的儿童节目中出现一则广告，广告中同样的卡通狮子在推销一款早餐谷物食品时，这就是主角销售。

Host selling occurs, for example, when a children’s show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal.

心理学家黛尔·孔克尔指出，主角销售这一做法降低了儿童辨别广告和节目内容的能力。

The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children’s ability to distinguish between advertising and program material.

人们同样发现，年龄较大的儿童对主角销售中的广告会做出更为积极的反应。

It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements.

名人在不涉及主角销售的广告中出现的证据则较为复杂。

Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed.

研究员查尔斯·阿特金发现，儿童会相信在早餐谷物食品广告中出现的角色对谷物食品非常了解，而且儿童会认为这些角色是营养信息的可靠来源。

Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information.

这一调查结果在电视迷中更为显著。

This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television.

此外，当选择名人所代言的产品时，儿童会感到有效果。

In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product.

但是，一项对香港儿童的研究发现，如果儿童不喜欢所涉及的这位名人，名人出现在广告中可能会使儿童对产品的理解产生负面影响。

A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as being a difficult judgment for children to make about advertised toys?

The word “verify” in the passage is closest in meaning to

In paragraph 2, what is one reason that claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be misleading?

Cereal advertisements that include the statement “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” are trying to suggest that

According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of disclaimers made in advertisements EXCEPT:

The word “adept” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Paragraph 3 indicates that there is uncertainty about which of the following issues involving children and fantasy in advertising?

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

In paragraph 4, why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lion in which an advertisement appears featuring the same lion character?

The word “credible” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 5, what did a study of children in Hong Kong show about the use of celebrities in advertisements aimed at children?

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Children and Advertising Young children are trusting of commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes been accused of taking advantage of this trusting outlook. The Independent Television Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom, has criticized advertisers for “misleadingness”—creating a wrong impression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to control advertisers’ use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge the true size, action, performance, or construction of a toy. General concern about misleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use of exaggeration. Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children are largely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggeration is used at the expense of product information. Claims such as “the best” or “better than” can be subjective and misleading; even adults may be unsure as to their meaning. They represent the advertiser’s opinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence, are difficult to verify. Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance an exaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the claim. For example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may be accompanied by the disclaimer “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast.” However, research has shown that children often have difficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase “when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast” to mean that the cereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced breakfast. The author George Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the ages of six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toy advertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats. Nevertheless, disclaimers are mainly presented in audio format only.   Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience.  Child-oriented advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy than advertisements aimed at adults.  In a content analysis of Canadian television, the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for character toys featured fantasy play.  Children have strong imaginations and the use of fantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough to realize that what they are viewing is unreal. Fantasy situations and settings are frequently used to attract children’s attention, particularly in food advertising. Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, been found to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten including such content. Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young children can distinguish between fantasy and reality in advertising. Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations. The use of celebrities such as singers and movie stars is common in advertising. The intention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertised product and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience’s mind. In children’s advertising, the “celebrities” are often animated figures from popular cartoons. In the recent past, the role of celebrities in advertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of host selling. Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programming in a way that makes it difficult to distinguish one from the other. Host selling occurs, for example, when a children’s show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lion promotes a breakfast cereal. The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that the practice of host selling reduced children’s ability to distinguish between advertising and program material. It was also found that older children responded more positively to products in host selling advertisements. Regarding the appearance of celebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence is mixed. Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the characters used to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, and children accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional information. This finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of television. In addition, children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that product. A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that the presence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect the children’s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrity in question.