『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 19 Passage 1阅读练习：The word “friction” in the passage is closest in meaning to真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 19 Passage 1阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 19 Passage 1阅读原文The word “friction” in the passage is closest in meaning to题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

公元一世纪罗马帝国占领不列颠后，大批的军队驻留在了这片新省，这些军队建立军营和堡垒，参与当地经济，从而对不列颠产生了相当大的影响。

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

人们意识到了全国士兵分布不均，于是开始估测军队对人口数量产生的影响。

Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country.

那些迅速并入帝国的地区并未受到军队的长期影响。

Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military.

军队对其长期驻扎的地区的影响要大得多。

Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential.

建立军事基地需要征用当地的土地，用以建造军营和供喂养、训练士兵的动物所需的领地。

The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers’ animals.

颁布的军事条例也剥夺了当地领导人参与管理当地政府的权利，社会发展因此受阻，埋下了不满的种子。

The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown.

这就意味着，军队必须留在当地，镇压叛乱，并建立政府。

This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.

罗马军队有着非常强大的消费能力，因此经济交换显然非常重要。

Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power.

在当地，军营会产生两种影响。

军营里人口众多，需要食物和其他补给品。

Its large population needed food and other supplies.

其中有些确实是从很远的地方运过来的，但是当地地区必然也得承担一些需求。

Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area.

虽然商品可能会被征用，但通常都是付钱了的，这可能会促使当地经济发生变化。

Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.

没有战争的时候，要保证士兵有事可做。否则他们就相当于一个潜在的危险源，可能引发摩擦或叛乱。

When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty.

因此，一块标有日期为4月25日的字碑上记载了某个军营里的343人曾从事制鞋、建造澡堂、烧窑、挖陶土以及造铅等工作。

Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead.

这些活动对当地地区产生了很大的影响，尤其是公路等基础设施的建设使得人们去遥远的地方更加方便了。

Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.

每位士兵都有工资，但是在经济不发达的地区，一开始他们的工资花不了多少。

Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent.

多余的钱很快便刺激到了城门外的经济，使其迅速增长。

The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates.

一部分服务和商品的需求无疑是由外地人所满足的，不过一部分当地人也必然会加入到这种新的经济中来。

Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy.

有些人和士兵组建了非正式的婚姻关系，士兵直到公元197年才在法律上被允许结婚，军营附近发展出了新的社群。

There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until A.D.197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts.

这些定居点就像小镇一样，变成了工匠和商人的聚集中心。

These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.

军队也为从当地招募来的后备兵提供了个人晋升的机会，从后备团工作退役后，可以获得世袭罗马公民身份。

The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment.

后备团以临时安排的方式（根据需要）从驻扎地招募人员，而且明显在英国范围内进行了大面积的招募。

Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain.

哈德良皇帝（公元117-138）统治时期人数至少招募了12500人，公元80年左右人数到达峰值。

The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D.117--138), with a peak around A.D.80.

尽管这只占总人口的一小部分，但是当大量年轻人从某个地区调配过来的时候，这也许会在当地产生巨大的影响。

Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area.

新建的军团一般会调配到另一个省，入伍后再返回原省工作是不太可能的。

Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return.

大多数在英国组建的军团都被调配到了欧洲大陆的其他地方，不过据记载，有一个军团去了摩洛哥。

Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco.

反过来，罗马年轻人也被调配到了英国，他们在英国服了20到25年的兵役后，继续留在英国生活，这使得边境人口更加具有罗马化的特点。

The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population.

罗马晚期阶段，边境警卫部队（兵团）很少被调配到其他地方，兵团的兵役职位实际上已经世袭化，军营也没有再住得那么满了，也不需要全力驻守了。

By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.

几代人的群体定居下来的这一过程，再加上当地的士兵招募，大概就是罗马晚期英国北部边界显得比较稳定的原因了。

This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.

这也解释了公元五世纪初的时候，为什么有些军营在罗马虽然不再对英国有任何正式管辖权，但很久以后仍然占领着英国的原因。

It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D.

让本地人罗马化的环境事实上也使得边境地区自给自足的军团英国化了。

The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on those areas of Britain that were

According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?

The word “suppress” in the passage is closest in meaning to

The word “friction” in the passage is closest in meaning to

The author mentions “343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead” in order to

The phrase “entitled to” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and services?

According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliary regiments of the Roman army?

According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be seen in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:

Why does the author mention that “some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain”?

The word “circumstances” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers’ animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government. Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies.  Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area.  Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy.  When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty.  Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until A.D. 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. These settlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations. The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after service in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117--138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raised regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raised in Britain went elsewhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The reverse process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of service, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, service in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength. This process of settling in as a community over several generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.