『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 13 Passage 1阅读练习：According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 13 Passage 1阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 13 Passage 1阅读原文According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

生活把我们置于一张复杂的人际关系网中。

Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people.

我们的人性是在社会交往的过程中产生的。

Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction.

此外，我们的人性必须通过社会互动来维持，而且是相当持续的。

Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so.

当一段关系持续足够长的时间，使两个人通过一组相对稳定的期望联系在一起时，这被称为一段关系。

When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.

人们在人际关系中通过两种类型的纽带联系在一起：表达性纽带和工具性纽带。

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties.

表达性纽带是当我们在情感上投入自己并承诺给别人时形成的社会联系。

Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people.

通过与对我们有意义的人交往，我们获得了安全感、爱、接纳、友谊和个人价值。

Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.

工具性纽带是我们为了达到某种目的而与他人合作时形成的社会联系。

Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal.

有时，这可能意味着与竞争对手合作而不是对抗。

Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors.

更常见的情况是，我们只是与他人合作，以达到某种目的，而不赋予这种关系任何更大的意义。

More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

社会学家已经建立在表达关系和工具关系之间的区别上，以区分两种类型的群体：主要的和次要的。

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary.

一个基群包括两个或两个以上的人，他们彼此之间有着直接、亲密、紧密的关系。

A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another.

表达性纽带在基群中占主导地位；我们把人们看作是他们自己的目的和价值。

Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right.

次级群体是指两个或两个以上的人，他们处于一种非个人的关系中，为了一个具体的、实际的目的走到一起。

A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose.

工具性纽带在第二群体中占主导地位；我们认为人是达到目的的手段，而不是目的本身。

Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right.

有时，基群关系从次级群体关系演变而来。

Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships.

这在很多工作环境中都会发生。

人们在工作中经常因为他们来分享抱怨、笑话、八卦和满足与同事发展亲密的关系。

People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

一些条件提高了基群出现的可能性。

A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise.

我们发现，当人们成群结队地到处乱转时，我们很难亲自去了解他们。

We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups.

在小组中，我们有更好的机会开始接触并与他们建立融洽关系。

In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them.

第二，面对面的接触让我们能够评估他人。

Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others.

近距离地观察和交谈使思想和感情的微妙交流成为可能。

Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings.

第三，当我们有频繁和持续的接触时，我们发展基群关系的可能性就会增加。

And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact.

我们与他人的联系往往会随着我们与他们的互动而加深，并逐渐形成相互关联的习惯和兴趣。

Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.

Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society.

首先，基群对社会化过程至关重要。

First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process.

在那里，婴儿和儿童被介绍给他们所处社会的生活方式。

Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society.

这些群体是我们获得规范和价值观的温床，这些使我们具备社会生活的条件。

Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life.

社会学家将基群视为个人与更大的社会之间的桥梁，因为他们传播、调解和解释社会的文化模式，并提供了对社会团结至关重要的统一感。

Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.

第二，基群是基本的，因为它们提供了我们满足大多数个人需求的环境。

Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs.

在其中，我们体验到陪伴、爱、安全感和整体的幸福感。

Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.

毫不奇怪，社会学家发现，一个群体的主要联系的强度对这个群体的功能有影响。

Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group’s primary ties has implications for the group’s functioning.

例如，一个运动队的主要团体联系越紧密，他们的成绩就越好。

For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.

第三，基群是基础，因为他们是社会控制的有力工具。

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control.

他们的成员指挥和分配许多对我们来说至关重要的奖励，使我们的生活看起来有价值。

Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile.

如果奖励的使用失败了，成员可以通过拒绝或威胁排斥那些偏离基群标准的人来获得成功。

Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group’s norms.

例如，一些社会团体利用回避（一个人可以留在群体内，但其他人被禁止与这个人互动）作为一种手段，使那些行为超出特定群体允许范围的个人符合团体规范。

For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.

更重要的是，初级群体通过构建我们的经验来为我们定义社会现实。

Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences.

通过向我们提供情境的定义，他们从我们身上引出符合群体设计意义的行为。

By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings.

因此，初级群体既是社会规范的载体，又是社会规范的执行者。

Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?

The word “endowing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author’s mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?

According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?

Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?

The phrase “size up” in the passage is closest in meaning to

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

The word “deviate” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that are characteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.

Types of Social Groups Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship. People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs.  Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.  Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group’s primary ties has implications for the group’s functioning.  For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.  Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group’s norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.