获取验证码
收不到短信?点此接收语音验证码
电话拨打中...请留意来自125909888237的来电
60秒后可重新获取
《新东方在线注册条款》  、  《隐私权保护政策》  及  《儿童隐私保护政策》
账号密码登录 找回密码
国际手机登录
《新东方在线注册条款》  、  《隐私权保护政策》  及  《儿童隐私保护政策》
手机快速登录 找回密码
Official 40 Passage 1
上一题
下一题
Question 1 of 10

Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?

A.

Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.

B.

Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.

C.

Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.

D.

By 500 B.C. the city-states were no longer powerful.

Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow

正确答案:C

显示答案
进入答题

题目详解

题目讨论

登录 免费查看解析
还没有账号?马上注册

译文

Ancient Athens

古雅典 取消收藏 收藏句子
古雅典

One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. was the rise of the polis, or city-state, and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances. 在公元前800年到公元前500年期间,希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的崛起,并且每个城邦都发展了适合其情况的政府体系。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established aristocracy and the emerging other classes, and the adjustment of aristocratic ways of life to the ways of life of the new polis. 雅典面临和解决的问题是老牌贵族和新兴的其他阶级之间的政治权力分享,以及贵族的生活方式与新城邦的生活方式的调整。 取消收藏 收藏句子 It was the harmonious blending of all of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens. 正是所有这些元素的和谐融合,才产生了雅典的古典文化。 取消收藏 收藏句子 在公元前800年到公元前500年期间,希腊最重要的变化之一是城邦的崛起,并且每个城邦都发展了适合其情况的政府体系。雅典面临和解决的问题是老牌贵族和新兴的其他阶级之间的政治权力分享,以及贵族的生活方式与新城邦的生活方式的调整。正是所有这些元素的和谐融合,才产生了雅典的古典文化。

Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek protodemocratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. 进入城邦时代,雅典拥有其他希腊原民主国家的传统制度:成年男性集会,贵族议会,以及每年选举产生官员。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modern times. 在这个传统的框架内,雅典人在公元前600年到公元前450年之间,发展了希腊人认为的完全成熟的民主宪法,尽管赋予投票权的人比现代少。 取消收藏 收藏句子 进入城邦时代,雅典拥有其他希腊原民主国家的传统制度:成年男性集会,贵族议会,以及每年选举产生官员。在这个传统的框架内,雅典人在公元前600年到公元前450年之间,发展了希腊人认为的完全成熟的民主宪法,尽管赋予投票权的人比现代少。

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C., when he broke the aristocracy’s stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which all citizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases. 变革的第一步是梭伦在公元前594年采取的,当时他打破了贵族对民选公职的束缚,确立了担任公职的基础是财富而不是出身,取消了普通雅典人对贵族的经济义务,并允许集会(所有公民都是平等的成员)在某些情况下推翻地方法院的裁决。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman (not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). 在本世纪余下的时间里,雅典贵族的力量因一种被称为暴政的政府的崛起而进一步削弱,暴政是一种受欢迎的强人的临时统治形式(而不是像这个词的现代用法所暗示的那样由无情的独裁者统治)。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty, Peisistratos), strengthened Athenian central administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. 暴君的继承人,佩西斯特拉托斯(以王朝创始人庇西特拉图的名字命名),通过任命地区法官,制造首个雅典硬币,以及增加和美化那些更关注雅典而不是周边村庄的节日,以贵族的利益为代价加强了雅典的中央行政。 取消收藏 收藏句子 By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way. 到了本世纪末,进行更多变革的时机已经成熟:暴君被赶下台,公元前508年,一位新的改革者克利斯提尼为减少已经实行的贵族统治的发展提供了最终形式。 取消收藏 收藏句子 变革的第一步是梭伦在公元前594年采取的,当时他打破了贵族对民选公职的束缚,确立了担任公职的基础是财富而不是出身,取消了普通雅典人对贵族的经济义务,并允许集会(所有公民都是平等的成员)在某些情况下推翻地方法院的裁决。在本世纪余下的时间里,雅典贵族的力量因一种被称为暴政的政府的崛起而进一步削弱,暴政是一种受欢迎的强人的临时统治形式(而不是像这个词的现代用法所暗示的那样由无情的独裁者统治)。暴君的继承人,佩西斯特拉托斯(以王朝创始人庇西特拉图的名字命名),通过任命地区法官,制造首个雅典硬币,以及增加和美化那些更关注雅典而不是周边村庄的节日,以贵族的利益为代价加强了雅典的中央行政。到了本世纪末,进行更多变革的时机已经成熟:暴君被赶下台,公元前508年,一位新的改革者克利斯提尼为减少已经实行的贵族统治的发展提供了最终形式。

Cleisthenes’ principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. 克利斯提尼对雅典民主创建的主要贡献是完成了削弱家庭和氏族结构的长期过程,特别是在贵族中,并在他们的位置上建立了名为底默斯的本地社团,这成为雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的切入点。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. 从底默斯中产生了10个人口大致相等的人工部落。 取消收藏 收藏句子 From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. 在底默斯中通过选举或选举产生了500名新委员会成员,6000名法院陪审员,10名将军和数百名委员。 取消收藏 收藏句子 The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters. 集会在所有事务上都具有主权,但实际上将权力下放给下属机构,例如理事会,为大会的会议作了准备,以及法院,负责大多数司法事务。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. 各个委员会充当行政部门,执行集会的政策并进行监督,例如,食品和水供应以及公共建筑。 取消收藏 收藏句子 This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms. 公民在政府中的广泛参与将雅典城邦的民主形式与其他不那么自由的形式区分开来。 取消收藏 收藏句子 克利斯提尼对雅典民主创建的主要贡献是完成了削弱家庭和氏族结构的长期过程,特别是在贵族中,并在他们的位置上建立了名为底默斯的本地社团,这成为雅典所有公民和大多数宗教生活的切入点。从底默斯中产生了10个人口大致相等的人工部落。在底默斯中通过选举或选举产生了500名新委员会成员,6000名法院陪审员,10名将军和数百名委员。集会在所有事务上都具有主权,但实际上将权力下放给下属机构,例如理事会,为大会的会议作了准备,以及法院,负责大多数司法事务。各个委员会充当行政部门,执行集会的政策并进行监督,例如,食品和水供应以及公共建筑。公民在政府中的广泛参与将雅典城邦的民主形式与其他不那么自由的形式区分开来。

The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. 克利斯提尼改革的效果是在不破坏地方机构的情况下,确立了雅典社团作为一个整体相对于地方机构的优越性。 取消收藏 收藏句子 National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. 成为焦点的是国家政治,而不是地方政治或古希腊行政单位的政治。 取消收藏 收藏句子 At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. 与此同时,国家政治开始始于古希腊行政单位层面,并赋予了地方忠诚度一个新的焦点:雅典本身。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited. 在接下来的两个世纪里,克利斯提尼改革的影响得到了充分的利用。 取消收藏 收藏句子 克利斯提尼改革的效果是在不破坏地方机构的情况下,确立了雅典社团作为一个整体相对于地方机构的优越性。成为焦点的是国家政治,而不是地方政治或古希腊行政单位的政治。与此同时,国家政治开始始于古希腊行政单位层面,并赋予了地方忠诚度一个新的焦点:雅典本身。在接下来的两个世纪里,克利斯提尼改革的影响得到了充分的利用。

During the fifth century B.C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. 在公元前5世纪,由500人组成的理事会在制定政策方面具有极大的影响力。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] In the next century, however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. 然而,在下个世纪,承担决策责任的是成熟的集会。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior “people,” the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. 除了被所谓的劣等“人民”抢了风头的贵族之外,以任何其他标准衡量,雅典的民主都取得了惊人的成功。 取消收藏 收藏句子 Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. 在此之前或之后,从来没有这么多人参与到严肃的自治事务中来。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■] It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture. 正是这个参与公共生活的机会,为希腊古典文化的灿烂发展提供了刺激。 取消收藏 收藏句子 [■]在公元前5世纪,由500人组成的理事会在制定政策方面具有极大的影响力。然而,在下个世纪,承担决策责任的是成熟的集会。除了被所谓的劣等“人民”抢了风头的贵族之外,以任何其他标准衡量,雅典的民主都取得了惊人的成功。在此之前或之后,从来没有这么多人参与到严肃的自治事务中来。正是这个参与公共生活的机会,为希腊古典文化的灿烂发展提供了刺激。

0.7065513042372988