『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术文章】#15阅读练习：Why does the author mention “It is difficult to substitute computer engineering faculty for civil engineering faculty if most of the latter have tenure”?真题题目及答案解析，TPO/【学术文章】#15阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/【学术文章】#15阅读原文Why does the author mention “It is difficult to substitute computer engineering faculty for civil engineering faculty if most of the latter have tenure”?题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

The word “shelters” in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to the passage some critics of the tenure system believe that tenure can

Why does the author mention “It is difficult to substitute computer engineering faculty for civil engineering faculty if most of the latter have tenure”?

According to paragraph 2, all of the following steps have been taken in response to complaints about tenure EXCEPT

The Economics of Academic Tenure In some countries, many universities use an employment system for teachers known as tenure. A tenured faculty member enjoys considerable job security for the rest of his or her working life and can only be fired for reasons of "moral turpitude" (bad or evil behavior) or "gross incompetence" or if the financial stability of the institution requires the elimination of an entire department or program. The high degree of job security enjoyed by tenured faculty members has been the source of complaints about the tenure system. One issue that has been raised by many, including legislators evaluating the finances and managerial practices of state universities in the United States, is that tenure shelters faculty from accountability for poor performance. Another argument is that tenure makes the university inefficient in responding to changing instructional demands. It is difficult to substitute computer engineering faculty for civil engineering faculty if most of the latter have tenure. In 1988, the Education Reform Act significantly “softened” the tenure system in the United Kingdom, making it easier to fire individual faculty members for financial reasons. More recently, some universities in the United States have taken steps to give university administrators more control over tenured professors. And, in general, American institutions of higher learning have tended to increase the use of part-time and nontenured instructors over time.