『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/【学术阅读】#4阅读练习：According to the passage, what was a key criticism made by John Ruskin and his followers?真题题目及答案解析，TPO/【学术阅读】#4阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/【学术阅读】#4阅读原文According to the passage, what was a key criticism made by John Ruskin and his followers?题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States

美国的工艺美术运动彻底改变了人们对装饰艺术的观念——这类艺术在当时被视作次要的家居艺术。

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts.

该运动对装饰艺术的聚焦，促使美国博物馆与私人收藏家在19世纪末20世纪初开始系统收藏家具、玻璃器皿、陶瓷、金属制品及纺织品。

Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

18世纪被视为技工或熟练工匠的手工艺人，如今常被认可为艺术家，这一转变正直接源于19世纪的工艺美术运动。

The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.

当今人们对家居装饰应兼具美观与和谐的重视，同样可追溯至这一时期——当时维多利亚式的室内布局被重新设计，以引入更充足的光线与更流畅的空间动线。

The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.

工艺美术运动是对机械化生产的反思。机械化不仅使传统手工艺面临消亡威胁，更催生了廉价而千篇一律的商品。

The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise.

该运动由英国社会评论家约翰·拉斯金与威廉·莫里斯于19世纪末创立，其核心理念是将手工艺提升至艺术的高度予以尊崇。

Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art.

在快速工业化的社会背景下，当时大多数维多利亚时代人士认同艺术是塑造家居环境不可或缺的精神要素，而对众多中产与工人阶级家庭而言，手工艺品更是他们能够接触到的唯一艺术形态。

In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art.

拉斯金及其追随者不仅批判被贬低为机器操作员的手工艺人的境遇，更痛心于人们即将失去与那些倾注着自豪感、诚意与审美追求的手工制品的日常联结。

Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.

It can be inferred from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have considered all of the following to be artists EXCEPT

The word "revered" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?

According to the passage, what was a key criticism made by John Ruskin and his followers?

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces. The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art. Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.