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早期人族的饮食，以及石器工具的功能

Early Hominid Diets and the Function of Stone Tools

古人类学研究的一个领域涉及直立双足灵长类动物——包括早期人类——的摄食与饮食习惯。

One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates—including early humans.

有明确证据表明，在历史的某个阶段，人类开始将食物携带到被称为"家园基地"的中心地点，在那里与幼崽及其他成年成员共同分享和食用。

It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults.

家园基地的运用是人类社会行为的基本要素：在共同炉灶旁共享膳食，是昭示社会团结的强烈象征与标志。

The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity.

家园基地行为在非人类灵长类中并不存在，在哺乳动物中也属罕见。

Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals.

目前尚不清楚人类从何时开始使用家园基地，其中涉及何种沟通与社会关系，以及这一转变背后的生态与食物选择背景如何。

It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were.

针对这些问题，一种创新研究方法聚焦于石器上的磨损痕迹。

One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools.

研究人员尽可能精密地复刻出土标本的制作工艺，继而尝试以原始工具可能的使用方式（如伐木、狩猎或耕作）进行实操。

Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation.

根据工具的具体用途，其刃部附近会形成独特的崩屑痕迹和显微镜下可辨的磨光面。

Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chip page patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges.

将这种分析方法首次应用于距今150万至200万年的石器表明，早期石器的重要功能之一，是从大型动物尸体中获取高营养价值的食物——肉类与骨髓。

The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses.

The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?

According to the passage, bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is

The word "consumed" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to

In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early stone tools were used EXCEPT to

Early Hominid Diets and the Function of Stone Tools One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates—including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chip page patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food—meat and marrow-from large animal carcasses.