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在所有工业化前集约化农业系统中，亚洲湿稻稻田产量最高的。

The wet rice fields of Asia are the most productive of all preindustrial intensive agricultural systems.

正如“湿稻”一词所暗示的那样，这种方法需要在大部分的生长季节里淹没田地。

As the term "wet rice" suggests, the method involves flooding the fields for most of the growing season.

在一些地区，水完全来自季风的自然降雨，但水位通常由人工灌溉控制。

In some areas the water comes entirely from the natural rainfall of the monsoons, but the water level often is controlled by artificial irrigation.

因此，大多数湿稻都生长在河流的泛滥平原上。

Most wet rice is, therefore, grown on the floodplains of rivers.

在东南亚的部分地区、中国南部和喜马拉雅山脉的边缘，湿稻种植在几个世纪前建造的梯田山坡上。

In parts of Southeast Asia, southern China, and the Himalayan fringes, wet rice is grown on terraced hillsides originally constructed centuries ago.

也许湿稻栽培最显著的特点是一块田能年复一年地获得丰收，很少或根本不需要长时间不耕种以恢复土地肥力。

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of wet rice cultivation is the capability of a plot to yield a harvest year in and year out, with little or no need to be left uncultivated for extended periods in order to recover its fertility.

确实，在季节性水供应充足的地方，同一块土地在几乎连续耕种的情况下，一年可能收获两次甚至三次收成。

Indeed, where the seasonal availability of water is adequate, the same plot may yield two and even three harvests in a single year, being under almost continuous cultivation.

这种能力归因于四个因素：水对土壤的保护作用，河流洪泛区的高水位减少了土壤中营养物质的流失，河流泛滥时携带的泥沙补充了土壤营养物质，以及生活在洪水中的蓝绿藻的固氮作用（将大气中的氮转化为植物可用的形式）。

This capability has been attributed to four factors: the protection from erosion the water gives the soil, the high water table of the rivers' floodplains that reduces the leaching of nutrients from the soil, the replacement of soil nutrients by the silt carried in the rivers' flooding, and nitrogen fixation (the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants) from the blue-green algae that live in the floodwater.

湿稻的主要好处是它能够年复一年地在同一块地里生长，这与在植物成熟期的大部分时间里土地保持淹水以及水位保持有关。

The chief benefit of wet rice-its ability to grow in the same field year after year-is then related to the practice of flooding the fields and allowing the water to remain throughout most of the maturation period.

尽管他们的方法有很多优点，但种植湿稻的农民必须解决与水管理有关的问题，因为在适当的时间适当的供水对高产是非常重要的。

Despite the advantages of their methods, wet rice farmers must solve problems relating to the management of water, because the proper supply of water at the proper time is so important for a good yield.

如果储水池、水渠、沟渠和其他改进设施由集体持有和管理，效率会更高，因为建造和维护这些设施所需的劳动力比每个家庭拥有自己的设施所需的劳动力要少。

It is more efficient if storage ponds or tanks, canals, ditches, and other improvements are held and managed communally, because less labor is required to construct and maintain them than if each family owned its own.

水可以储存在小湖泊或池塘中，或者将水收集保存在水箱中，直到用来淹没田地。

Water may be stored in small lakes or ponds or captured and held in tanks until it is used to flood the fields.

在水稻生长的过程中，必须相当精确地控制水位：如果水位过高，植物将无法进行光合作用，如果水位过低，田地里有稳定水量的好处就会减少。

The water level must be controlled fairly precisely while the rice is growing: if it rises too high, the plants will be unable to photosynthesize, and if it falls too low, the benefits of having standing water in the fields will be reduced.

因此，除非土地是天然平坦的，否则必须将地块平整，以保持田地不同区域的水的高度不变。

Unless the land is naturally flat, the plots, therefore, must be leveled to keep the height of the water constant in different areas of the field.

水位必须用土筑成的低堤来控制，这些低堤由土建造，很容易被破坏，从而排干田地里的水来收割庄稼。

The water level must be controlled by low dikes, usually constructed of earth, which can be easily breached to drain the plot for the harvest.

在种植湿稻中，水资源供应管理是至关重要的，需要复杂的组织，特别是在合作劳动模式和获得土地和水的权利方面。

Managing the supply of the water that is so critical in growing wet rice requires sophisticated organization, especially with respect to cooperative labor patterns and rights of access to both land and water.

每个家庭都可以在自己的土地上耕种，但谁来建造和维护公共灌溉工程呢？

Each family may work its lands on its own, but who will construct and maintain public irrigation works?

谁来决定什么时候需要修理堤坝、沟渠和储水罐，怎么协调修理设备的劳动力？

Who will decide when dikes, dams, ditches, and tanks need to be repaired, and how will the labor to repair them be coordinated?

一个家庭用在田地里的水，其他家庭不能用。

The water used on the fields of one family is not available to other families.

How shall the consumption of water be coordinated?

谁会得到多少水，什么时候得到？

简而言之，如何确定水资源的使用权？

How, in short, will use rights to water be determined?

在组织向农田分配水的一个例子中，斯里兰卡干旱地区的僧伽罗人从一个集体所有的用泥土建造的雨水蓄水池中取水。

In one example of organizing the allocation of water to the fields, the Sinhalese of the dry zone of Sri Lanka draw water from a collectively owned rain-fed reservoir constructed of earth.

一个村庄所有的耕地都在水库下面的一个地方。

All of the cultivated land of a village is in a single area, below the reservoir.

整个田地被分成大小相等的小块。

The entire field is laid out into diked plots of equal size.

每个地块从公共水库获得固定数量的水，尽管在同一地块工作的家庭数量各不相同：

Each plot receives a fixed amount of water from the communal reservoir, though the number of families working a single plot varies:

贫困家庭必须与其他家庭共享一块土地的用水权，而富裕家庭可以使用几块土地。

Poor families must share water rights of access to one plot with other families, whereas richer families have access to several plots.

给每个地块（而不是每个家庭）分配相同比例的灌溉用水，可以减少给定地区水量不足的可能性。

Assigning each plot (rather than each family) the same proportion of irrigation water reduces the chance that a given plot will receive insufficient moisture.

Paragraph 1 suggests which of the following about the artificial irrigation of wet rice?

The phrase "attributed to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 2, the flooding of wet rice fields is responsible for each of the following benefits EXCEPT

What is the role of the last sentence of paragraph 2?

The word "captured" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 3, uneven land must be leveled before it is suitable for wet rice growing because

According to paragraph 4, in wet rice areas all of the following are problems that require cooperation to solve EXCEPT

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Look at the four squares  that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Moreover, wet rice is cultivated more widely and feeds more of this continent's rural populations than any other crop.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a squareto add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Productivity of Wet Rice Farming The wet rice fields of Asia are the most productive of all preindustrial intensive agricultural systems. As the term "wet rice" suggests, the method involves flooding the fields for most of the growing season. In some areas the water comes entirely from the natural rainfall of the monsoons, but the water level often is controlled by artificial irrigation. Most wet rice is, therefore, grown on the floodplains of rivers. In parts of Southeast Asia, southern China, and the Himalayan fringes, wet rice is grown on terraced hillsides originally constructed centuries ago. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of wet rice cultivation is the capability of a plot to yield a harvest year in and year out, with little or no need to be left uncultivated for extended periods in order to recover its fertility. Indeed, where the seasonal availability of water is adequate, the same plot may yield two and even three harvests in a single year, being under almost continuous cultivation. This capability has been attributed to four factors: the protection from erosion the water gives the soil, the high water table of the rivers' floodplains that reduces the leaching of nutrients from the soil, the replacement of soil nutrients by the silt carried in the rivers' flooding, and nitrogen fixation (the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants) from the blue-green algae that live in the floodwater. The chief benefit of wet rice-its ability to grow in the same field year after year-is then related to the practice of flooding the fields and allowing the water to remain throughout most of the maturation period. Despite the advantages of their methods, wet rice farmers must solve problems relating to the management of water, because the proper supply of water at the proper time is so important for a good yield. It is more efficient if storage ponds or tanks, canals, ditches, and other improvements are held and managed communally, because less labor is required to construct and maintain them than if each family owned its own. Water may be stored in small lakes or ponds or captured and held in tanks until it is used to flood the fields. The water level must be controlled fairly precisely while the rice is growing: lf it rises too high, the plants will be unable to photosynthesize, and if it falls too low, the benefits of having standing water in the fields will be reduced. Unless the land is naturally flat, the plots, therefore, must be leveled to keep the height of the water constant in different areas of the field. The water level must be controlled by low dikes, usually constructed of earth, which can be easily breached to drain the plot for the harvest. Managing the supply of the water that is so critical in growing wet rice requires sophisticated organization, especially with respect to cooperative labor patterns and rights of access to both land and water. Each family may work its lands on its own, but who will construct and maintain public irrigation works? Who will decide when dikes, dams, ditches, and tanks need to be repaired, and how will the labor to repair them be coordinated? The water used on the fields of one family is not available to other families. How shall the consumption of water be coordinated? Who will get how much water and when? How, in short, will use rights to water be determined? In one example of organizing the allocation of water to the fields, the Sinhalese of the dry zone of Sri Lanka draw water from a collectively owned rain-fed reservoir constructed of earth. All of the cultivated land of a village is in a single area, below the reservoir. The entire field is laid out into diked plots of equal size. Each plot receives a fixed amount of water from the communal reservoir, though the number of families working a single plot varies. Poor families must share water rights of access to one plot with other families, whereas richer families have access to several plots. Assigning each plot (rather than each family) the same proportion of irrigation water reduces the chance that a given plot will receive insufficient moisture.