『新东方在线托福阅读』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 60 Passage1阅读练习：The word "persisted" in the passage is closest in meaning to真题题目及答案解析，TPO/Official 60 Passage1阅读原文范文音频翻译

托福TPO/Official 60 Passage1阅读原文The word "persisted" in the passage is closest in meaning to题目答案及解析-新东方托福官方网校手机版

十九世纪上半叶，美国和欧洲的印刷文字经济发生了巨大变化，尽管这些变化在美国通常发生得更早且范围更广。

The first half of the nineteenth century saw dramatic changes in the economics of the printed word in both the United States and Europe, though the changes generally happened earlier and on a wider basis in America.

在1830年代和1840年代，美国报纸和书籍价格的急剧下降标志着廉价印刷时代的到来。

In the 1830s and 1840s, sharp reductions in prices for newspapers and books in America highlighted the advent of an era of cheap print.

现在，日报的售价从每份6美分降到了一两美分。

Now there were daily newspapers that instead of 6 cents per copy sold for a penny or two.

现在，小说的价格从早期的2美元降到了25美分或更低，而在英国，同样的书价格相当于7美元以上。

Now there were novels that instead of an earlier price of $2 sold for 25 cents or less, when the same books in Britain cost the equivalent of more than $7.

印刷品价格在如此短的时间内大幅下降，构成了一场信息价格革命，这是过去两个世纪中深刻影响信息和文化的几次价格下降事件中的第一次。

So steep were the declines in the price of print over so short a period that they amounted to an information price revolution, the first of several such episodes of declining prices that have profoundly affected information and culture during the past two centuries.

十九世纪中期的两项美国文化创新——“一分报”和“十美分小说”——实际上因其低廉的价格而得名。

Two mid-nineteenth-century American cultural innovations, the "penny press" and the "dime novel," were actually named for their low price.

它们被批评为“廉价”二义兼具：价格低廉且品味低下。

These were criticized for being cheap in both senses of that word: low in price and low in taste.

But low price did not necessarily mean lowbrow.

越来越多的图书出版商发行了最受推崇的作品的廉价版和昂贵版，以尽可能覆盖更广泛的读者群。

Increasingly, book publishers issued even the most esteemed works in cheap as well as expensive editions to reach as wide a public as possible.

信息价格革命也影响了宗教和政治出版，因为阅读首次成为大众说服的基础。

The information-price revolution also affected religious and political publishing, as reading became a basis of mass persuasion for the first time in history.

Cheap print was not entirely unprecedented.

在十七和十八世纪的英国和法国，廉价的故事、歌谣和其他杂集曾在下层阶级中流传。

In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England and France, cheap collections of stories, ballads, and other miscellany had circulated among the lower classes.

但由于只有少数穷人会阅读，大多数人听别人朗读，因此廉价印刷品更多是面向聆听的公众，而非阅读的公众。

But since only a minority of the poor could read, most listened while a few read aloud; thus cheap print reached not so much a reading as a listening public.

十九世纪美国和欧洲的廉价印刷扩展规模要大得多，且发生在普及识字率大幅提高的时期。

The expansion of cheap print in the nineteenth century in America and Europe was on a much larger scale, and it took place during a great increase in popular literacy.

这些共同构成了文化的分水岭。

Together these amounted to a cultural watershed.

传统上，即使在有识字能力的家庭中，书籍和其他出版物也相对稀少且珍贵；阅读意味着反复阅读少数文本，尤其是宗教作品。

Traditionally, even in literate homes, books and other publications had been relatively rare and treasured objects; reading meant returning to a few texts, especially religious works.

但随着印刷的爆炸式增长，阅读变得更加多样化，读者们浏览报纸、杂志和廉价书籍，这些书籍很快被传递或丢弃。

But with the explosion of print, reading became more varied, and readers scanned newspapers, magazines, and cheap books that they soon passed on or discarded.

对宗教和其他作品的深入阅读并未消失，但阅读越来越成为一种常见的消遣和奉献形式。

Intensive reading of religious and other works did not disappear, but reading became an increasingly common form of diversion as well as devotion.

对廉价印刷兴起的通常解释强调新技术。

The usual explanation for the rise of cheap print emphasizes new technology.

毫无疑问，没有技术变革，廉价印刷的全面发展是不可能的。

Unquestionably, the full development of cheap print could not have happened without technological change.

然而，在技术进步发挥重要作用之前，美国的印刷已经变得更便宜；新技术是在这一过程开始后才出现的，而不是一开始就出现。

Print, however, had already become cheaper in America before technological advances played a significant role; new technology arrived once the process was under way, not at the beginning.

这并非偶然：印刷的持续扩展为技术创新创造了动力。

This was no accident: the continuing expansion of print created an incentive for technological innovation.

将技术视为因果力量，会低估政治、文化和市场在创造条件以使新技术投资获得回报方面的先前重要性。

To conceive of technology as the causal force is to understate the prior importance of politics, culture, and markets in creating the conditions that allowed investments in new technology to pay off.

Cheap print was public policy in America.

欧洲政府对报纸和其他出版物征税，而美国则免税，甚至通过邮政系统在一定程度上补贴它们。

While European governments taxed newspapers and other publications, the United States let them go tax free and even subsidized them, to a degree, through the postal system.

美国廉价书籍和其他形式廉价印刷的兴起也反映了十九世纪美国消费市场的独特模式。

The rise of cheap books and other forms of cheap print in the United States also reflected distinctive patterns of nineteenth-century American consumer markets.

正如经济历史学家内森·罗森伯格所言，引用刀具、枪支、靴子和服装的例子，“美国人欣然接受那些专为低成本、大规模生产方法设计的产品”，而当时英国仍在坚持手工制品。

As the economic historian Nathan Rosenberg remarks, citing the cases of cutlery, guns, boots, and clothing, "Americans readily accepted products which had been deliberately designed for low cost, mass production methods" at a time when handmade goods persisted in Britain.

美国人并非主要负责将新技术引入书籍生产的人。

Americans had not been primarily responsible for introducing new manufacturing technology to the production of books.

相反，1850年之前印刷和造纸的大多数关键进步是从大西洋向西传播，而不是反过来。

On the contrary, most of the key advances in printing and papermaking before 1850 had traveled west across the Atlantic rather than the reverse.

但书籍生产的工业化在美国进展更快，到世纪中期，美国的市场不仅比英国更大，而且显然对价格比对质量更敏感，这可能是因为精英读者在购书者中所占比例较小。

But the industrialization of book production proceeded more rapidly in the United States, where the market by the middle decades of the century was not only larger than in Britain but also apparently more sensitive to price than to quality, perhaps because elite readers constituted a smaller proportion of book buyers.

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as being true of nineteenth-century print prices EXCEPT:

The word "unprecedented" in the passage is closest in meaning to

According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of cheap print in seventeenth- and eighteenth- century England and France?

According to paragraph 2, reading changed in all of the following ways after the explosion of print EXCEPT:

In paragraph 3, the author expresses which of the following points of view on the relationship between technology and the development of cheap print?

Why does the author refer to Nathan Rosenberg's remarks on "the cases of cutlery, guns, boots, and clothing"?

The word "persisted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Although people did not read widely, or extensively, they read intensively so as to thoroughly understand the limited number of books that were available for reading.  Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square  to add the sentence to the passage.

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Revolution of Cheap Print The first half of the nineteenth century saw dramatic changes in the economics of the printed word in both the United States and Europe, though the changes generally happened earlier and on a wider basis in America. In the 1830s and 1840s, sharp reductions in prices for newspapers and books in America highlighted the advent of an era of cheap print. Now there were daily newspapers that instead of 6 cents per copy sold for a penny or two. Now there were novels that instead of an earlier price of $2 sold for 25 cents or less, when the same books in Britain cost the equivalent of more than $7. So steep were the declines in the price of print over so short a period that they amounted to an information price revolution, the first of several such episodes of declining prices that have profoundly affected information and culture during the past two centuries. Two mid-nineteenth-century American cultural innovations, the "penny press" and the "dime novel," were actually named for their low price. These were criticized for being cheap in both senses of that word: low in price and low in taste. But low price did not necessarily mean lowbrow. Increasingly, book publishers issued even the most esteemed works in cheap as well as expensive editions to reach as wide a public as possible. The information-price revolution also affected religious and political publishing, as reading became a basis of mass persuasion for the first time in history. Cheap print was not entirely unprecedented. In seventeenth- and eighteenth- century England and France, cheap collections of stories, ballads, and other miscellany had circulated among the lower classes. But since only a minority of the poor could read, most listened while a few read aloud; thus cheap print reached not so much a reading as a listening public. The expansion of cheap print in the nineteenth century in America and Europe was on a much larger scale, and it took place during a great increase in popular literacy. Together these amounted to a cultural watershed. Traditionally, even in literate homes, books and other publications had been relatively rare and treasured objects; reading meant returning to a few texts, especially religious works.  But with the explosion of print, reading became more varied, and readers scanned newspapers, magazines, and cheap books that they soon passed on or discarded.  Intensive reading of religious and other works did not disappear, but reading became an increasingly common form of diversion as well as devotion.  The usual explanation for the rise of cheap print emphasizes new technology. Unquestionably, the full development of cheap print could not have happened without technological change. Print, however, had already become cheaper in America before technological advances played a significant role; new technology arrived once the process was under way, not at the beginning. This was no accident: the continuing expansion of print created an incentive for technological innovation. To conceive of technology as the causal force is to understate the prior importance of politics, culture, and markets in creating the conditions that allowed investments in new technology to pay off. Cheap print was public policy in America. While European governments taxed newspapers and other publications, the United States let them go tax free and even subsidized them, to a degree, through the postal system. The rise of cheap books and other forms of cheap print in the United States also reflected distinctive patterns of nineteenth-century American consumer markets. As the economic historian Nathan Rosenberg remarks, citing the cases of cutlery, guns, boots, and clothing, "Americans readily accepted products which had been deliberately designed for low cost, mass production methods" at a time when handmade goods persisted in Britain. Books fit this pattern. Americans had not been primarily responsible for introducing new manufacturing technology to the production of books. On the contrary, most of the key advances in printing and papermaking before 1850 had traveled west across the Atlantic rather than the reverse. But the industrialization of book production proceeded more rapidly in the United States, where the market by the middle decades of the century was not only larger than in Britain but also apparently more sensitive to price than to quality, perhaps because elite readers constituted a smaller proportion of book buyers.