『新东方在线托福听力』为托福考生准备了ETS托福TPO/Official 16 Lec 4听力练习，Official 16 Lec 4原文答案解析，Official 16 Lec 4听力原文练习音频翻译。

托福TPO/Official 16 Lec 4听力原答案解析-音频翻译-新东方托福官方网校手机版

Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.

教授：好的，现在的话，嗯，中世纪的一种典型的艺术形式就是宗教镶窗彩绘。

Professor: OK, now, um, a sort of paradigmatic art form of the Middle Age was stained-glass art.

这种玻璃彩绘当然就是指那种把喷涂了色彩的玻璃切分成小块再重新组装成画或者装饰物的艺术品。

Stained glass, of course, is simply glass that has been colored and, uh, cut into pieces and reassembled to form a picture or decorative design.

要真正领略这种起装饰作用的彩色玻璃的美感，你就应该观察它被光（尤其当阳光）透射时的样子。正是因为阳光透射时所产生的美感，这种玻璃一般都被用在窗户上。

To truly experience the beauty of this decorative glass, you should see it with light passing through it, uh, especially sunlight, which is why stained-glass is usually used for windows.

但它当然也会有别的用途，特别是现今。

But, of course, it has other uses especially nowadays.

嗯，不管怎样，镶窗玻璃彩绘发起于欧洲，嗯，时间是中世纪，并且和宗教建筑有很大关系。

Um, anyway, the art of making stained-glass windows developed in Europe, um, during the middle Ages, and was closely related to church building.

12世纪早期兴起的一种教堂修筑方法减小了墙壁的承重需求，使得墙面上有更多空间可以被做成窗户，这使得更大面积、更精细的窗口设计成为了可能。

In the early 1100s, a church-building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls, so more space could be used for window openings, allowing for large and quite elaborate window designs.

当时，艺术家们自己制造各自所用的玻璃，但是他们首先想出一个设计。

Um, back then, the artists made their own glass, but first, they came up with the design.

纸张那时稀有且昂贵，所以他们就把设计图画在一张白色桌布上。

Uh, paper was scarce and expensive so typically they drew the design onto a white tabletop.

他们不仅画出大致的轮廓，而且还会勾勒出每一块会被铅条拼在一起的小玻璃的形状和颜色。

They'd draw the principal outline but also outline the shape of each piece of glass to be used, and, uh, indicate its color.

所以，在绘制的图纸中，艺术家们也会标明铅条的位置。

Now, in the window itself, the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead so, uh, so in the drawing the artist would also indicate the location of the lead strips.

然后才能把一大块玻璃放到这张桌布上，由此观察设计细节，并以之帮助把整块玻璃切分成许多小块。

Then you could put a big piece of glass on the tabletop and see the design right through it, and use it to guide the cutting of the glass into smaller pieces.

男学生：同时铅条也会被塑造成一定形状，以便将切分出来的小玻璃片聚集在一起吗？

Male student: And the lead, that was just to hold the whole pieces of glass together?

教授：铅条既有硬度也有韧性，所以它是拼接各种形状、大小的玻璃片的理想材料。

Professor: Well, uh, lead is strong and flexible so it's ideal for joining pieces of glass cut in different shapes and sizes.

但是直到15世纪，铅条才被考虑成为设计因素和创新所在。

Uh, but up to the 15th century, the lead strips also helped created the design.

它们成为了窗口的设计的一部分。

They were worked into the window as part of the composition.

它们被用作各种素材的轮廓线，就像你们在画铅笔画时外围的实心线。

Uh, they were used to outline figures to show boundaries, just like you might use solid line in a pencil drawing.

男学生：玻璃画是怎么有颜色的？

Male student: How did they get the color?

我的意思是，画家们是如何给玻璃画上色的呢？

教授：嗯，直到16世纪之前，玻璃画一直都是在玻璃的制造工艺中上色的。

Professor: Well, up until the sixteenth century, stained glass was colored during the glassmaking process itself.

假如在炼制玻璃的配方中加入不同的金属混合物，我们就能获得不同颜色的玻璃。

Uh, you got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glassmaking ingredients.

譬如，如果想要红色，就添加铜。

So, uh, if you wanted red, you added copper.

我们只需要在玻璃成分中加入这些物质就好。

You just added these compounds to the other ingredients that the glass was made of.

女学生：这样的话，每一片玻璃都只有一种颜色了？

Female student: So each piece of glass is just one color?

教授：是的，直到16世纪都是这样。

Professor: Yes, uh, at least up until the sixteenth century.

之后，艺术家们开始，嗯，开始用彩色玻璃了。

Uh, then they started, uh, you started to get painted-glass.

和之前的玻璃一样，彩色玻璃窗名称没有发生变化，依旧被称作镶窗玻璃，但实际上制作工艺却不同了：在玻璃制造出来以后，各种颜色才会被喷涂上去。

Painted-glass windows are still referred to as stained glass, but the colors were, actually, painted directly onto clear glass after the glass was made.

嗯，这种镶窗玻璃可以使得每一小片玻璃上出现多种颜色。

So, um, with this kind of stained glass, you could, uh, paint a piece of glass with more than one color.

女学生：彩色玻璃依旧用铅条框镶嵌在一起吗？

Female student: And with painted glass they still used the lead strips?

教授：是的，那些大窗户要用到多块玻璃，所以我们还需要用铅条把这几块玻璃捆绑在一起。

Professor: Yes, with really large windows it took more than one piece of glass, so you still needed lead strips to hold the pieces together.

但是画师们开始有意识地隐藏铅条了，所以，这和以前铅条被看成是设计的一部分又有些许差异了。并且这样的差异是由于彩色玻璃投入使用后通过光穿透玻璃来制造奇幻效果的设计思路淡出了人们的思维，视觉效果的造成被转移到了喷漆过程中。

But the painters actually tried to hide them, so it was different from before when the lead strips were part of the design and it's different because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the, uh, magical effect wasn't the focus anymore. The paint work was.

并且，喷绘彩色玻璃变得非常普遍。

And painted-glass windows became very popular.

到了19世纪,人们开始用它来装饰私人住宅和其他公共建筑。

In the 19th century, people started using them in private houses and public buildings.

不幸的是，许多被鉴定为最老式的镶窗玻璃如今已被损毁，或者替换成了喷绘彩色玻璃。

Unfortunately, many of the original stained-glass windows were thought to be old fashioned, and they were actually destroyed, replaced by painted glass.

女学生：工作人员换玻璃时居然将这些老式玻璃打碎了吗？

Female student: They actually broke them?

那难道意味着好的判断力，或者真正的远见，对吗？

That showed good judgment, real foresight, didn't it?

教授：是吧！要是当时能够明白就好了。

嗯，倒不是说这些老式的镶窗玻璃到今天多么有价值，而是我们可能因为它们的损毁失去伟大的艺术品。

Uh, and it's not just that old stained-glass is really valuable today, we lost, possibly, great art work.

不过，幸运的是，到了19世纪中期，早期的老式工艺有所复兴，艺术家们重新开始在设计中使用有色玻璃和铅条。

But, luckily, there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-1800s and artists went back creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.

19世纪时刘易斯·题芬妮发明了不用喷涂玻璃也能制造出奇妙视觉效果的方法。

In the nineteenth century, uh, Louis Tiffany came up with methods to create beautiful effects without having to paint the glass.

他将几层玻璃叠放在一起，并用薄铜片替换了铅条，这使得他设计出花纹式样的镶窗玻璃成为可能，这种设计后来被用到了灯罩上。

He layered pieces of glass and used thin copper strips instead of lead, which let him make these really intricate flowery designs for stained-glass, which he used in lamp shades.

You've heard of Tiffany lamp shades, right?

这种设计当然利用了新发明出来的电灯的特性。

These, of course, took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting.

电灯泡发出的光与太阳光在通过镶窗玻璃时的效果不一样，但非常接近。

Electric light bulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass but it's close.

所以，层叠玻璃，题氏玻璃，逐渐变得非常普及了，直到今天依旧如此。

So, layered glass, Tiffany glass, became very popular and still is today.

那我们现在来看看几款来自不同时代的镶窗玻璃的图例吧！

So, um, let's look at some examples of different types of stained glass from each era!

What are two points the professor makes about stained-glass windows made during the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, what was one of the first steps that artists used in making a stained glass window?

According lo the professor, what are two ways in which stained-glass windows made in the sixteenth century differed from those made in earlier centuries?

What does the professor imply contributed to the popularity of Tiffany glass?

What does the woman imply when she says this:

Narrator: 
Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class. 
Professor 
OK, now um, a sort of paradigmatic art form of the Middle Ages was stained glass art. Stained glass of course is simply glass that has been colored and cut into pieces and re-assembled to form a picture or a decorative design. To truly experience the beauty of this decorative glass you should see it with light passing through it, especially sunlight, which is why stained glass is usually used for windows. But of course it has other uses, especially nowadays.