Narrator: Listen to part of the lecture in a literature class.

旁白：听一个文学课的讲座。

Professor: So, um, in France, you have the French Academy, which was created to uphold standards of literary taste.

教授：所以，在法国，有法国科学院，它是被创造来维持文学品味的标准的。

It was a very conservative organization.

它是一个非常保守的组织。

It tried to keep things a certain way... uh... resist change.

它试着去以某种方式保持事情……拒绝变化。

It dictated that French plays should neoclassical in form, you know, have five acts, sophisticated language, etc.

它规定法国戏剧的形式应该是新古典主义，有5幕，复杂精美的语言等。

But try as it might, it couldn't stop change.

但是尽管它尝试了，它无法阻止变化。

French drama was changing, though the transition from neoclassical drama to Romantic drama was itself pretty dramatic.

法国戏剧是在变化的，虽然从新古典主义到浪漫主义的过渡本身非常戏剧化。

Let's look at a play by Victor Hugo called Hernani, or as the French would say, Hernani.

让我们来看一下维克多•雨果的戏剧《欧那尼》，或者法国人会称呼这剧为Hernani。

Although Hugo was a truly brilliant writer of essays, poems, novels, and plays, uh, his play, Hernani, isn't a great play in and of itself.

虽然雨果是位真正非常杰出的散文，诗歌，小说，戏剧作家，呃，他的剧本《欧那尼》本身并不是一部很棒的剧本。

It's got a really confusing, convoluted storyline.

它有一个非常混乱，复杂的故事情节。

Critics back then were unimpressed by it, though it's likely that their own feelings about how plays should be, neoclassical or romantic, affected their opinions about it.

当时的评论家对它没有深刻印象，尽管很可能是他们关于戏剧应该怎么样的感觉，新古典主义或浪漫主义，影响了他们对这部剧的观点。

But its premiere in Paris, in 1830, was anything but ordinary.

但这部戏剧在巴黎1830年的首映却是非同凡响的。

Hernani's opening night was probably one of the most important literary events in 19th century France!

《欧那尼》的首映那晚可能是19世纪法国最重要的文学事件之一。

What happened was... OK. Hugo was a Romanticist, right?

发生的事情是……雨果是个浪漫主义者，对吗？

He was part of a growing movement of young authors and artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism, against the conventions of neoclassicism.

他是一个发展中的运动里年轻的作者和艺术家中的一员，他们反对新古典主义，反对新古典主义的惯例。

And what this meant is that Hugo opposed the neoclassical unities that French theater had inherited from Greek drama.

而且这意味着雨果反对法国戏剧从希腊戏剧继承的新古典主义的统一性。

These unities were basically the unity of time, space and action,

这些统一有时间，空间和行为的统一，

meaning that the entire play consisted of just one main event that was unfolding in just one specific place, usually in the course of one day.

意味着整个戏剧只包括一个主要事件，在一个特定的地方展开，通常在一天的时间里。

And Hugo found this to be too constraining. He looked for inspiration in... well... OK.

并且雨果发现这太有限制性。他寻找灵感……

Hugo is from the 19th century, but he looked to Shakespeare, several centuries in the past, long before neoclassicism.

雨果来自十九世纪，但是他找到莎士比亚，过去几个世纪前，早在新古典主义之前。

For example, in Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, the play moves from indoors to outdoors, from the city to the forest, and back again.

比如说，在莎士比亚的戏剧《仲夏夜之梦》里，这部剧从室内移到室外，从城市移到森林再回到城市。

So there was a kind of mobility in... in the use of space.

所以，有种移动性在空间里。

And... well... in A Midsummer Night's Dream, of course the action in that play takes place on a single summer's night, but in Shakespeare's other plays, in Hamlet, for example, time elapses.

在《仲夏夜之梦》里，当然这部剧中的行为发生在一个夏天的晚上，但是在莎士比亚的其它戏剧中，比如说《哈姆雷特》，时间是穿梭的。

People travel. They go to other destinations.

人们会运动。会去其它的地点。

And the action is not limited to one plot.

并且，行为也不仅限于一个情节。

Hugo also opposed the neoclassical insistence on the separation of genres.

雨果也反对新古典主义坚持将题材分离。

For a neoclassicist, a play could only be dramatic and high art, or comic, well, light-hearted.

对于新古典主义者来说，一个戏剧应该只能是戏剧性的和高雅艺术，或喜剧，轻松的。

And in either case, there was still a sense of decorum.

这两种都有一种端庄感。

Characters might make jokes and get into silly situations, but they're still regular people, like not in disguise or anything.

人物角色可能开玩笑并陷入窘境，但他们仍然是普通人，像是没有伪装之类的。

There's still a certain amount of restraint in a neoclassical comedy.

在新古典主义的喜剧里，仍然有一定量的限制。

Again, earlier works by Shakespeare provided very different models that Hugo found more appealing.

再次，莎士比亚早期的作品提供了非常不同的模式，雨果发现更加吸引人。

Many of Shakespeare's plays, even the tragedies, contain scenes with ridiculous, outlandish characters like clowns,

许多莎士比亚的戏剧，甚至是悲剧，包含荒诞的、古怪的角色比如小丑，

so that many of the plays have both qualities: a serious dramatic side and comedic scenes with the clowns that break the drama.

所以许多戏剧有两种特征：非常戏剧化的一面和突破戏剧的包含有小丑的喜剧场景。

And Hugo, like other Romantics, was also opposed to the artistic rules that the neoclassicists had inherited from the Enlightenment.

像其他浪漫主义者一样，雨果也反对新古典主义从启蒙运动继承的艺术准则。

The Romantics wanted a more passionate kind of theater and it was more rooted in the individual and the individual sensibility.

浪漫主义者要一种更加激情的戏剧，它更加扎根于个体和个体感觉。

Romanticism was political as well, claiming that individuals, people, could govern themselves, without the need for kings and queens.

浪漫主义也有政治主张，认为个体/人民可以管理自己，不需要国王和王后。

There was an ideological struggle between a lot of young people, artists, people who wanted change, and, and people who didn't.

很多年轻人，艺术家，想要改变的人，不想要改变的人，都有意识形态斗争，

So of course Romanticism was controversial.

所以，当然浪漫主义是有争议性的。

Now, Hernani was a play that incorporated these Romantic conventions.

现在，《欧那尼》融合了这些浪漫注意的特点。

Hugo suspected that neoclassical audiences would be hostile to this new form and the ideas it represented.

雨果推测出新古典主义的观众会对这种新形势和它表达的观点怀有敌意。

So to protect himself, he rounded up his friends for opening night. And hundreds of them came to the theater that night.

所以为了保护他自己，在首映是晚上，他集合了自己的朋友们来参加。那晚有数百位他的朋友来到剧院。

And Hugo writes about this arrival of the Romantics, these wild and bizarre characters and their outlandish customs, which stupefied and infuriated the more conventional theater goers.

雨果是这样写关于浪漫主义的到来的，这些狂野和奇怪的角色和他们离奇的行为，使得保守的戏迷惊讶和愤怒。

So the play that night took forever to finish because it was interrupted many times and there were these debates in the audience, between Hugo's friends and supporters, the Romantics, and the Neoclassicists, the supporters of the old school.

所以，那晚戏剧花了很长时间才演完，因为它被打断了很多次，在观众中有辩论，在雨果的朋友和支持者与新古典主义者-老派的支持者之间的辩论。

Lots of interruptions!

很多次打断！

And afterward, what had been a debate inside the theater spilled out onto the street and there were fist fights.

后来，在剧院里的争论蔓延到了大街上，还有人打架。

It was a complete free-for-all.

这完全是一场混战。

And this went on for the next forty-five nights.

持续了45天。

Every night that the play was performed, there was this excitement and controversy that was, was really an expression of the kinds of passions that... uh... differences of aesthetics and political opinions and taste could give rise to.

每天晚上戏剧上演，会有兴奋和争议，真的是某种激情的表达，由审美、政治观点和品味的不同引起的。