Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in an architectural history class.

旁白：请听一段建筑史课堂上的讲座部分内容。

Professor: Now, we've talked about how social concerns inform the designs of some architects in the United States in the 19th century. And it holds true not only for building architects, but also for landscape architects.

教授：我们已经讨论过社会关注如何影响19世纪美国一些设计师的设计，这不仅适用于建筑设计，也适用于景观设计。

The way we design our landscapes, it's hugely important too for how we live, easily as important as the buildings we live in.

我们设计景观的方式对我们如何生活至关重要，就像我们居住的建筑物一样重要。

And the social concerns were especially apparent in the work of a huge figure in the history of landscape architecture, Frederick Law Olmstead.

而在景观设计历史上一个重要人物弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德的作品中，这种社会关注尤为明显。

Olmstead is particularly associated with the building of public parks in the mid 1800s. At that time, with industrialization, the United States was moving from a rural agricultural way of life to an urban one.

奥姆斯特德与19世纪中期公共公园的建设密切相关。在那个时期，随着工业化的发展，美国从一种乡村农业生活方式转变为城市生活方式。

Many people were moving from farms to cities, and cities themselves were growing fast. And that was creating concern and anxiety about people losing touch with nature.

许多人从农场搬到了城市，城市本身也在快速增长。这种变化引起了人们对人们失去与自然联系的担忧和焦虑。

Now, based on your reading, how did this situation relate to Olmstead? Kim?

基于你们的阅读，这种情况是如何与奥姆斯特德相关的？金姆？

Male student: Well, he saw that as cities grew to accommodate the larger populations, a lot of open space would be used up for buildings and infrastructure.

男学生：他认为随着城市的扩张以容纳更多的人口，很多开放空间将被用于建筑和基础设施。

I guess he thought that eventually there might not be any open space left, um, green space.

我想他认为最终可能没有任何绿色空间会留下来。

Professor: And others shared this concern as well, people with some power.

教授：其他人也有同样的担忧，一些有影响力的人也是如此。

Male student: Right, so in New York City, they decided to build this huge park, Central Park, and they hired him to design it.

男学生：是的，所以在纽约市，他们决定建造这座巨大的公园——中央公园，并聘请他来设计。

Professor: Right, Olmstead together with Calvert Fox, and he—what Olmstead wanted to do through this park and others was to preserve people's connections with the natural world.

教授：正确，奥姆斯特德与卡尔弗特·福克斯合作，他希望通过这个公园和其他项目保留人们与自然世界的联系。

Central Park is his best-known project, and it really launched his career. There were so many details that made this such a model of success that, um… yeah, Julia?

中央公园是他最著名的项目，也是他事业的起点。有许多细节使它成为一个成功的典范，嗯……是的，朱莉娅？

Female student: It seems like he integrated the park into the city really well, especially… well especially by putting streets across the park so that you could still get from one side of the city to the other.

女学生：他似乎很好地将公园融入了城市，尤其是……嗯，尤其是通过在公园中穿过街道，这样你仍然可以从城市的这一边到另一边。

Professor: And those streets don't disrupt the unity of the park very much. But why not? What feature, what modification did he make?

教授：而且这些街道不会对公园的整体性造成太大干扰。但是为什么呢？他做了什么改动？

Female student: Well, they weren't any narrower than regular city streets.

女学生：它们不是比普通城市街道更窄吗？

Professor: No, not narrower.

教授：不，不是更窄。

Female student: Oh, lower. He put them at a lower level than the rest of the park, and use short tunnels.

女学生：哦，更低。他把这些街道设置得比公园其他部分低，并使用了短隧道。

Professor: Yes, exactly. The streets were designed to be as unobtrusive as possible, um, not interrupting the flow of people walking in the park, not interfering with the natural setting while still functioning as streets.

教授：没错，正是如此。这些街道的设计尽可能地不显眼，不妨碍人们在公园内行走，不影响自然环境的同时仍能作为街道使用。

Making tunnels was the best way to achieve this balance in many locations within the park, and then paths for pedestrians went above the street throughout the park.

在许多位置建立隧道是实现这种平衡的最佳方式，然后行人道贯穿整个公园位于街道上方。

What's so special about it to me is Olmstead did such a good job of using the space by emphasizing the natural elements of the park.

对我来说特别之处在于Olmsted非常善于利用空间强调公园的自然元素。

So with ground areas that were low, he made them even lower and turned them into ponds and meadows.

对于那些低洼地区，他使它们更低并改造成池塘和草地。

Then he emphasized some high rocky areas. He used… he planted small forests close to grassy meadows.

然后他突出了一些岩石较多的高地。他在草地附近种植了小树林。

By doing this, he emphasized contrast in contour and texture, but he made it all work as a whole.

通过这样做，他强调了轮廓和质地的对比，但同时让所有元素共同构成一个整体。

He also made the northern half of the park more of a nature preserve, while the southern part was more for people and recreation.

他还让公园的北半部成为自然保护区，而南半部则更多用于人们的娱乐活动。

Professor: So central park was a huge success, and it led to more work for him. He designed dozens of urban parks throughout the country, so that's probably his greatest legacy to architecture as a profession.

教授：因此，中央公园取得了巨大成功，并为他带来了更多的工作机会。他在全国范围内设计了许多城市公园，这可能是他对建筑师职业的最大贡献。

But not his only legacy. He also designed landscapes for public buildings, campuses, even entire towns.

但这并不是他的唯一遗产。他还为公共建筑、校园甚至整个城镇设计了景观。

In that area, urban planning, he showed the same concern for preserving open spaces that he'd shown with central park.

在城市规划领域，他展示了与中央公园相同的保护开放空间的关注。

For example, his design of the town of Riverside, Illinois. He planned so it would have the conveniences of city living, but it also had open space for recreation for nature.

例如，伊利诺伊州里弗赛德镇的设计。他计划使之拥有城市生活的便利设施，但也包括了供休闲和接触自然的开放空间。

He lowered the streets slightly so they wouldn't block natural views, like views of the Des Plaines River, which flows through Riverside.

他略微降低了街道的高度，这样它们就不会阻挡自然景观，比如流经里弗赛德的德斯普兰斯河的景观。

He really wanted to preserve the shores of the river, so he didn't put houses there. Instead, he turned the waterfront area into a park, and about a quarter of Riverside is parks.

他真的很想保护河流的河岸，所以他没有在那里建造房屋。相反，他把滨水区域变成了一个公园，里弗赛德大约有四分之一是公园。

Professor: Um, what's also remarkable is that Riverside, well even today, the streets and other parts of Olmstead’s plans are almost completely intact.

嗯，值得注意的是，里弗赛德，即使在今天，奥姆斯特德的街道和其他计划部分几乎完全保存了下来。

It's really an oasis in the city that's grown around it, the city of Chicago since that time, goes to show you how valuable good design really is.

它真的是一个在城市中成长起来的绿洲，自从那个时代以来，芝加哥这座城市已经围绕它发展起来，这表明了良好设计的真正价值。