Choice B is the best answer. “Hence” correctly signals that the claim in this sentence regarding extraterrestrial material follows logically from the information in the previous sentences. The previous sentences establish that siderophile elements in the mantle are more abundant than predicted in the coredifferentiation model. This sentence claims, logically, that these elements came from extraterrestrial material that accreted to Earth after core differentiation.
Choice A is incorrect because “that said” illogically signals that the information in this sentence regarding extraterrestrial material is an exception to the previous information about siderophiles’ abundance in the mantle. Instead, it is a new claim that follows logically from the previous information. Choice C is incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the information in this sentence regarding extraterrestrial material exemplifies the previous information about siderophiles’abundance in the mantle. Instead, it is a new claim that follows logically from the previous information. Choice D is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that the information in this sentence regarding extraterrestrial material is merely similar to the previous information about siderophiles’ abundance in the mantle. Instead, it is a new claim that follows logically from the previous information.