PART 4

It's only relatively recently that designers have become aware of the need to be inclusive when designing products.

直到相对较近的时期，设计师才意识到在设计产品时需要具有包容性。

But what does that mean exactly? Well, it simply means designing products that span economic, social and cultural barriers.

但这究竟意味着什么呢？嗯，它仅仅意味着设计跨越经济、社会和文化障碍的产品。

It means making sure products are accessible – so that as many different types of people as possible can use them without any type of adaptation having to be made to the original design.

这意味着确保产品易于使用 —— 以便尽可能多的不同类型的人可以使用它们，而无需对原始设计进行任何类型的改动。

Inclusive design is often linked with universal design, although they are not quite the same thing.

包容性设计通常与通用设计联系在一起，尽管它们并不完全是同一回事。

Universal design aims to make products that work for everyone and that includes considering the needs of people who have cognitive difficulties, which can present quite a challenge.

通用设计旨在制造适合所有人的产品，其中包括考虑认知障碍人群的需求，这可能会带来相当大的挑战。

Today, examples of successful inclusive design can be seen all around us.

如今，成功的包容性设计案例随处可见。

In workplaces it is common to see desks which can be adjusted to suit people of different heights or for wheelchair users.

在工作场所，经常可以看到桌子可以根据不同身高的人或轮椅使用者的需求进行调整。

This still isn't always the case, however, and is one reason why office workers often suffer from back or neck problems.

然而，情况并非总是如此，这也是办公室工作人员经常遭受背部或颈部问题的原因之一。

You'll find another example in the public toilets of countless hotels, airports and offices.

你还可以在无数酒店、机场和办公室的公共厕所里找到另一个例子。

Taps that you activate by sensor require no pressing or twisting movements.

你通过传感器触发的按钮不需要任何按压或扭转动作。

These are not only more hygienic, they're also easier for people with dexterity or mobility issues.

这些设备不仅更卫生，而且对于灵活性或行动不便的人来说也更容易使用。

The tech industry has been criticised in the past for focusing too much on young consumers but this is changing.

科技行业过去因过度关注年轻消费者而受到批评，但这种情况正在改变。

Many products are now designed with the elderly in mind.

许多产品现在都是为老年人设计的。

For example, it's well known that vision declines with age, and that we also become worse at distinguishing between similar colours; in particular, shades of blue, which is why software designers rarely create interfaces with this colour.

例如，众所周知，视力会随着年龄的增长而下降，我们在区分相似颜色方面也会变得更差；特别是蓝色的色调，这就是为什么软件设计师很少创建与这种颜色相关的界面。

Motor skills also decline with age and some people have difficulty doing everyday things like picking up a cup or opening a door.

运动技能也会随着年龄的增长而下降，有些人在做日常事务时会遇到困难，比如拿杯子或开门。

This can also affect their ability to use a mouse or keyboard.

这也会影响他们使用鼠标或键盘的能力。

So voice access is now a routine way of making commands.

因此，语音访问现在已经成为一种常规的命令制定方式。

It's worth looking at the problems non-inclusive designs cause when not enough consideration is given to a range of users, as it can have a serious impact on people's lives.

值得关注的是，当对一系列用户考虑不足时，非包容性设计所带来的问题，因为它可能会对人们的生活产生严重影响。

Access is one obvious example because it has such a huge impact on disabled people's independence.

访问是一个明显的例子，因为它对残疾人的独立性有着巨大的影响。

Not being able to access public transport because buses or trains are not wheelchair-friendly means many disabled people can't go out unless someone goes with them.

由于公共汽车或火车对轮椅不友好而无法使用公共交通工具，这意味着许多残疾人除非有人陪同，否则无法外出。

Safety is another issue.

安全是另一个问题。

Inexplicably, most cars are still crash-tested using a dummy based on an average-sized male.

令人费解的是，大多数汽车仍然使用基于中等身材男性的假人进行碰撞测试。

This has safety implications for all women, particularly those who are pregnant, as the seatbelts worn by the dummy are not adapted to accommodate them.

这对所有女性，特别是孕妇来说都有安全隐患，因为假人所系的安全带无法适应她们的需求。

Over the past 100 years, workplaces in the UK have, on the whole, become considerably safer.

在过去的 100 年里，英国的工作场所总体上变得相当安全。

Employers are legally required to provide well-maintained personal protective equipment or PPE – anything from goggles to full body suits – to workers who need it, free of charge.

法律要求雇主向需要的员工免费提供维护良好的个人防护装备或 PPE—— 从护目镜到全身防护服的任何物品。

But most PPE is designed to fit men.

然而，大多数个人防护装备的设计目的都是为了吓唬男性。

A recent report found that employers often think that when it comes to female workers, all they need to do to comply with this legal requirement is to buy jackets, for example, designed for a small man.

最近的一份报告发现，雇主们经常认为，当涉及到女性员工时，他们只需要购买一件为小个子男性设计的夹克就能满足这一法律要求。

The problem with this is that women can be tall and still have much smaller shoulders than the average man.

这样做的问题在于，即使女性身材高挑，她们的肩膀仍然比一般男性要小得多。

Ill-fitting PPE such as hi-vis jackets, vests and body armour can put women at risk.

不合身的个人防护装备，如防弹夹克、背心和防弹衣，可能会使女性处于危险之中。

The report found that 95% of women said that their PPE often hampered their work and that this problem was worst in the emergency services, particularly the police.

报告发现，95% 的女性表示她们的个人防护装备经常妨碍她们的工作，这个问题在应急服务中最为严重，尤其是在警察部门。

Another problem is related to comfort at work.

另一个问题与工作舒适度有关。

A very common scenario in offices in summertime is to see women wrapped in blankets or wearing sweaters while the air conditioning is on high.

在夏季的办公室里，一个非常常见的场景是，当空气调节开得很高时，女性会裹着毯子或穿着毛衣。

Meanwhile the men are in shorts and T-shirts.

与此同时，男人们则穿着短裤和 T 恤。

This is due to differences in metabolic rates for men and women.

这是由于男女新陈代谢率的差异造成的。

There is a standard setting for air conditioning to be at a temperature of 21 degrees, designed to suit men, and in most modern offices it's not possible to turn the air conditioning up or down.

空气调节有一个标准设置，温度为 21 度，是为男性设计的，而且在大多数现代办公室里，空气调节无法调高或调低。

This means that many offices which mainly employ women are wasting energy by having the air conditioning set too high.

这意味着许多主要雇用女性的办公室因为空调设置得太高而浪费能源。

As you can see from the examples I've just mentioned, there are serious consequences for designs which don't consider the needs of all users. This is …

正如你从我刚才提到的例子中所看到的，这没有考虑到所有用户需求的设计。这是......