Passage2

Stadiums: past, present and future

体育场：过去，现在与未来

A Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th- and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras.

体育场是都市建筑最古老的形式之一：供公众观看体育赛事的大型露天体育场早在古希腊和古罗马帝国时期就是西方城市生活的核心组成部分，远远早于那些宏伟的中世纪大教堂建筑以及后来那些占据了都市天际线的建造于19世纪和20世纪的大型火车站。

Today, however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair.

然而，事到如今，体育场正在遭受越来越多的质疑。修建成本有可能会飙升到10亿英镑以上，为了诸如奥林匹克运动会或FIFA世界杯这类大型赛事而落成的体育场馆眼见地陷入了被废弃或日久失修的境地。

But this need not be the case. History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and adapt to the culture of every age. Even today, architects and planners are finding new ways to adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century.

但是情况原本不必如此：历史证明了体育场能够驱动都市发展并适应每个时代的文化。即使在今天，建筑师和规划者们也正在寻找新方法来改造那些已经成了20世纪现代化标志的单一功能的体育竞技场。

B The amphitheatre* of Arles in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is perhaps the best example of just how versatile stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century, and was then transformed into a village containing more than 200 houses. With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights, thereby returning the structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles.

位于法国西南部的阿尔勒圆形露天竞技场可以容纳25,000名观众，可能是显示体育场的用途可以广泛到何种程度的最好例证。它由罗马人建成于公元90年，在5世纪过后成为一座有四栋塔楼的堡垒，之后又变身成了包含200多座屋舍的村庄。在19世纪，随着人们对保护古迹的兴趣不断高涨，它又被重新改回一座用来上演斗牛比赛的竞技场，就此恢复了这座建筑原本作为观看公开表演的场所的最初用途。

Another example is the imposing arena of Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 spectators, which was built 60 years before the Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome’s famous Colosseum. It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world’s prime sites for opera, thanks to its outstanding acoustics.

另一个例子是位于意大利北部维罗纳的令人一见难忘的竞技场，其空间可以容纳30,000名观众，建造时间比阿尔勒圆形竞技场早60年，比罗马著名的圆形斗兽场早40年。它历经这些世纪以来的风雨，目前被认为是欣赏歌剧的最佳场所之一，这主要归功于它出色的传声效果。

C The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca, known as the Piazza dell’Anfiteatro, is yet another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric of the city. The site evolved in a similar way to Arles and was progressively filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot and a prison. But rather than reverting to an arena, it became a market square, designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini. Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square.

意大利卢卡城的中心地区，称为Piazza dell’ Anfiteatro，是另一个令人印象深刻的圆形露天竞技场逐渐被吸纳进入城市构造的例子。这个地方的发展轨迹与阿尔勒类似，从中世纪到19世纪期间陆陆续续地增加着各式建筑，分别被用作房屋、盐储仓库和监狱。但它后来并没有变回一座竞技场，而是成了一个集贸广场，由浪漫主义建筑师Lorenzo Nottolini主持设计。如今，这座圆形露天竞技场的断壁残垣仍散落于这个公共广场周围的各式商店和住宅区内。

D There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches. Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat.

现代体育场馆与古时候用来举办比赛的圆形露天竞技场之间存在着许多相似之处。但是有一些灵活变通性在20世纪初流失了，因为体育场馆采用了新型材料例如钢材和钢筋混凝土来搭建，并且使用强光来为夜间比赛照明。许多这样的体育场馆坐落于郊区地带，其设计纯粹是为了体育赛事服务，周边环绕的都是停车场。这些因素意味着它们可能对于普通大众来说不那么方便到达，需要耗费更多能源来运营，并且加剧了城市升温。

E But many of today’s most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the city. Among the current strategies, two seem to be having particular success: the stadium as an urban hub, and as a power plant.

但是许多当今最有创意的建筑师们看到了体育场馆助力提升城市的机会。在现行的各种策略中，有两项看似获得了格外的成功：体育场馆作为一处都市枢纽，以及作为一座发电站。

There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars, children’s playgrounds and green space. Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces compactness and multi-functionality, making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate urban spaces.

体育场馆正日趋不断地增添各种公共空间和服务，以发挥体育之外的功能，例如旅馆、零售折扣店、会议中心、餐馆与酒吧、儿童游乐场和绿地。创造诸如此类的混合用途加强了紧凑性和多功能性，由此对土地进行了更有效率的使用，并且有助于激活都市空间。

This opens the space up to families and a wider cross-section of society, instead of catering only to sportspeople and supporters. There have been many examples of this in the UK: the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the world.

这种做法将空间开放给了家庭和更广泛意义上的社会各阶层，而不是只服务于运动员及其拥趸。在英国有很多个这样的范例：温布利球场和老特拉福德球场的混合用途设施已经成为世界上许多其他体育馆的效仿蓝图。

F The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, without significant energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these purposes, because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high enough (more than 40 metres) to make use of micro wind turbines.

将体育场馆作为发电站的现象来源于这样一种理念：解决能源问题可以通过一张智能电网来将彼此连接的建筑整合在一起，这张电力供应网利用数字通信技术来检测和应对本区域内电力使用情况的变化，而不会明显地损耗能源。体育场馆对于实现这些目的来说是完美的，因为它们的顶篷有着大片的空间区域可供安装光伏板，并能升起得足够高（超过40米）以利用微型风力发电机。

Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants, which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter, inaugurated in 2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use. This is proof that a stadium can serve its city, and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO2 emissions.

德国的Freiburg Mage太阳能体育馆是将体育场馆作为发电站这一新浪潮的先行者，另外还包括阿姆斯特丹竞技场和高雄体育场。后者落成于2009年，有着8,844块光伏板，每年的发电量最高可达1.14兆千瓦时。这能减少每年660吨的二氧化碳排放，并在体育馆不举办赛事的时候为周边地区提供高达80％的能源。这就是体育场馆可以服务于其所在城市的明证，在减少二氧化碳排放方面也产生了决定性的积极影响。

G Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities. In every era, the stadium has acquired new value and uses: from military fortress to residential village, public space to theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering. The stadium of today now brings together multiple functions, thus helping cities to create a sustainable future.

运动竞技场一直以来都在城市的生活和文化中处于中心地位。在每一个时代里，体育场都获得了新的价值和用途：从军事堡垒到住宅村落，从公共空间到演艺剧院，以及最近还成为先进工程技术的实验场地。今日的体育场馆整合了多种功能，由此助力城市创造出一个可持续发展的未来。

* amphitheatre: (especially in Greek and Roman architecture) an open circular or oval building with a central space surrounded by tiers of seats for spectators, for the presentation of dramatic or sporting events

圆形剧场：(特别是在希腊和罗马建筑中) 一种开放式圆形或椭圆形建筑，中央空间周围环绕着一层层观众席，用于表演戏剧或体育赛事。