剑13Tset2雅思听力原文及翻译：Section 4
2020.07.15 15:32
提到雅思备考，我们最先想到的就是剑桥雅思真题，剑桥雅思真题作为雅思备考中的热门教材，一直以来深受广大考生追捧。今天新东方在线小编就给大家整理了剑13Tset2雅思听力原文及翻译：Section 4，希望能都帮助大家更好的备考雅思考试，更多剑桥雅思真题原文、题目及答案解析相关内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线雅思网。
| Test 2- Section 4 | ||
| [01:11.95 | Today, we'll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly. | |
| [01:26.29 | Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or 'episode'. | |
| [01:33.14 | Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past. | |
| [01:40.69 | Episodic memories include various details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other information such as the location. | |
| [01:55.58 | To help understand this concept, try to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant. | |
| [02:03.25 | The ability to remember where you ate, who you were with and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory. | |
| [02:15.48 | Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory. | |
| [02:23.54 | This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else - that is your general knowledge of the world. | |
| [02:35.33 | To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and how an engine works are examples of semantic memory. | |
| [02:55.56 | Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn't dependent on recalling personal experiences. | |
| [03:06.27 | Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation and retrieval. | |
| [03:20.78 | The initial step is called encoding. | |
| [03:25.15 | This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating memories of information or events that you experience. | |
| [03:39.50 | The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give to an event while it's actually happening. | |
| [03:52.65 | Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult. | |
| [03:59.07 | Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event. | |
| [04:06.98 | For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that your uncle has the same name. | |
| [04:18.12 | Future recollection of Charlie's name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it. | |
| [04:29.27 | Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened, stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval. | |
| [04:48.16 | Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network of information. | |
| [05:00.59 | Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely. | |
| [05:08.92 | Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them. | |
| [05:17.67 | Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren't used very often. | |
| [05:25.97 | The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection of encoded information. | |
| [05:38.00 | Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors. | |
| [05:50.58 | These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt. | |
| [05:57.48 | For example, when recalling where you parked your car you may use the colour of a sign close to where you parked. | |
| [06:08.71 | You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked. | |
| [06:19.75 | There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory. | |
| [06:29.12 | These range from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia to autism. | |
| [06:36.40 | An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals' lives. | |
| [06:45.32 | For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication; however, patients' episodic memory may still be impaired and so they are often unable to return to university or work. | |
| [07:07.05 | Recent studies have shown that computer-assisted games designed to keep the brain active can help improve their episodic memory. | |
| [07:20.06 | Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance by sharing intimate details about their past: something individuals with autism often have problems with. | |
| [07:36.98 | This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self. | |
| [07:43.35 | This is essential for the storage of episodic memory, and has been found to be impaired in children with autism. | |
| [07:54.11 | Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children's social development. | |
| [08:06.99 | One study looked at a ... | |
| 今天，我们将继续关于记忆的系列讲座，重点是情景记忆，以及如果情景记忆不起作用会发生什么。 |
| 情景记忆是指对事件或“情节”的记忆。 |
| 情景记忆可以让我们在脑海中回到过去的某个事件。 |
| 情景记忆包括关于这些事件的各种细节，例如，事件发生的时间和其他信息，如地点。 |
| 为了帮助理解这个概念，试着记住你最后一次在餐馆吃饭是什么时候。 |
| 情景记忆的特点是能够记住你在哪里吃饭，你和谁在一起，你点了什么菜。 |
| 情景记忆不同于另一种记忆，即语义记忆。 |
| 这是一种我们与其他人共同拥有的事实记忆——即你对世界的一般认识。 |
| 在上一个例子的基础上，记住你把车停在哪里是情景记忆的一个例子，但是你对汽车是什么以及引擎如何工作的理解是语义记忆的例子。 |
| 与情景记忆不同，语义记忆不依赖于回忆个人经历。 |
| 情景记忆可以看作是一个有几个不同记忆处理步骤的过程：编码、巩固和检索。 |
| 第一个步骤称为编码。 |
| 这涉及到接收和录入信息的过程，这对于创建你所经历的信息或事件的记忆是必要的。 |
| 成功编码信息的程度取决于事件实际发生时所给予的关注程度。 |
| 分心会使有效编码变得非常困难。 |
| 情景记忆的编码也受到你如何处理事件的影响。 |
| 例如，如果你被介绍给一个叫查理的人，你可以把你叔叔的名字联系起来。 |
| 如果你有一种策略来帮助你对查理的名字进行编码，那么将来对查理名字的记忆就会容易得多。 |
| 记忆巩固是形成情景记忆的下一步，是对编码信息的记忆进行强化、稳定和存储的过程，以便于以后的提取。 |
| 当存储的信息可以连接到现有的信息网络时，巩固是最有效的。 |
| 巩固记忆使你能够储存记忆以备以后不限期的记忆提取。 |
| 形成强烈的记忆取决于你试图回忆它们的频率。 |
| 如果不经常使用，记忆会消褪或变得更难找回。 |
| 形成情景记忆的最后一个步骤是提取，这是对编码信息的有意识回忆。 |
| 情景记忆中提取信息取决于语 义、嗅觉、听觉和视觉因素。 |
| 这些作为提示，可以帮助情景记忆的回忆。 |
| 例如，当你回忆你把车停在哪里的时候，你可以使用接近你停车位置的的一个标志的颜色。 |
| 实际上，你必须在脑海中回到你停车的那一刻。 |
| 有很多神经系统疾病和状况会影响情景记忆。 |
| 这些疾病包括老年痴呆症、精神分裂症和自闭症。 |
| 情景记忆的损伤会对个体的生活产生深远的影响。 |
| 例如，精神分裂症的症状可以通过药物合理的控制; 然而，患者的情景记忆仍可能受损，因此他们往往无法重返大学或工作岗位。 |
| 最近的研究表明，电脑辅助游戏设计来保持大脑的活跃可以帮助改善他们的情景记忆。 |
| 情景记忆可以帮助人们与他人建立联系，例如，通过分享他们过去的私密细节：这些是自闭症患者经常难办到的。 |
| 这可能是由于缺乏自我意识造成的。 |
| 这对于情景记忆的储存是至关重要的，而且已经发现自闭症儿童的自我意识会受到损害。 |
| 研究表明，提高记忆力的治疗方法也可能对儿童的社会发展产生积极影响。 |
| 一项研究着眼于…… |
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