剑13Tset2雅思听力原文：Section 4
2020.07.15 15:27
提到雅思备考，我们最先想到的就是剑桥雅思真题，剑桥雅思真题作为雅思备考中的热门教材，一直以来深受广大考生追捧。今天新东方在线小编就给大家整理了剑13Tset2雅思听力原文：Section 4，希望能都帮助大家更好的备考雅思考试，更多剑桥雅思真题原文、题目及答案解析相关内容，欢迎随时关注新东方在线雅思网。
| Test 2- Section 4 | ||
| [01:11.95 | Today, we'll be continuing the series of lectures on memory by focusing on what is called episodic memory and what can happen if this is not working properly. | |
| [01:26.29 | Episodic memory refers to the memory of an event or 'episode'. | |
| [01:33.14 | Episodic memories allow us to mentally travel back in time to an event from the past. | |
| [01:40.69 | Episodic memories include various details about these events, for example, when an event happened and other information such as the location. | |
| [01:55.58 | To help understand this concept, try to remember the last time you ate dinner at a restaurant. | |
| [02:03.25 | The ability to remember where you ate, who you were with and the items you ordered are all features of an episodic memory. | |
| [02:15.48 | Episodic memory is distinct from another type of memory called semantic memory. | |
| [02:23.54 | This is the type of factual memory that we have in common with everyone else - that is your general knowledge of the world. | |
| [02:35.33 | To build upon a previous example, remembering where you parked your car is an example of episodic memory, but your understanding of what a car is and how an engine works are examples of semantic memory. | |
| [02:55.56 | Unlike episodic memory, semantic memory isn't dependent on recalling personal experiences. | |
| [03:06.27 | Episodic memory can be thought of as a process with several different steps of memory processing: encoding, consolidation and retrieval. | |
| [03:20.78 | The initial step is called encoding. | |
| [03:25.15 | This involves the process of receiving and registering information, which is necessary for creating memories of information or events that you experience. | |
| [03:39.50 | The degree to which you can successfully encode information depends on the level of attention you give to an event while it's actually happening. | |
| [03:52.65 | Being distracted can make effective encoding very difficult. | |
| [03:59.07 | Encoding of episodic memories is also influenced by how you process the event. | |
| [04:06.98 | For example, if you were introduced to someone called Charlie, you might make the connection that your uncle has the same name. | |
| [04:18.12 | Future recollection of Charlie's name is much easier if you have a strategy to help you encode it. | |
| [04:29.27 | Memory consolidation, the next step in forming an episodic memory, is the process by which memories of encoded information are strengthened, stabilised and stored to facilitate later retrieval. | |
| [04:48.16 | Consolidation is most effective when the information being stored can be linked to an existing network of information. | |
| [05:00.59 | Consolidation makes it possible for you to store memories for later retrieval indefinitely. | |
| [05:08.92 | Forming strong memories depends on the frequency with which you try to retrieve them. | |
| [05:17.67 | Memories can fade or become harder to retrieve if they aren't used very often. | |
| [05:25.97 | The last step in forming episodic memories is called retrieval, which is the conscious recollection of encoded information. | |
| [05:38.00 | Retrieving information from episodic memory depends upon semantic, olfactory, auditory and visual factors. | |
| [05:50.58 | These help episodic memory retrieval by acting as a prompt. | |
| [05:57.48 | For example, when recalling where you parked your car you may use the colour of a sign close to where you parked. | |
| [06:08.71 | You actually have to mentally travel back to the moment you parked. | |
| [06:19.75 | There are a wide range of neurological diseases and conditions that can affect episodic memory. | |
| [06:29.12 | These range from Alzheimer's to schizophrenia to autism. | |
| [06:36.40 | An impairment of episodic memory can have a profound effect on individuals' lives. | |
| [06:45.32 | For example, the symptoms of schizophrenia can be reasonably well controlled by medication; however, patients' episodic memory may still be impaired and so they are often unable to return to university or work. | |
| [07:07.05 | Recent studies have shown that computer-assisted games designed to keep the brain active can help improve their episodic memory. | |
| [07:20.06 | Episodic memories can help people connect with others, for instance by sharing intimate details about their past: something individuals with autism often have problems with. | |
| [07:36.98 | This may be caused by an absence of a sense of self. | |
| [07:43.35 | This is essential for the storage of episodic memory, and has been found to be impaired in children with autism. | |
| [07:54.11 | Research has shown that treatments that improve memory may also have a positive impact on children's social development. | |
| [08:06.99 | One study looked at a ... | |
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