考研的备考中，对于历年真题的复习，也是提升考试分数的重要方法。为了让大家更好的积累学习，小编为大家整理了历年考研真题，下面是关于“Seven years ago, a group of female”，希望对大家有更好的帮助。
1、Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology produced a piece of research which showed that senior women professors in the institute’s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One study conducted in Sweden, of all places—showed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men in order to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities.Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglia’s school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year’s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and Technology is around f 1,500 a year.That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men’s and women’s lives mean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks” to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for example, earn over £4,000 a year more than female ones.To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Explicable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination.Besides pay, her study also looked at the “glass-ceiling” effect—namely that at all stages of a woman’s career she is less likely than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair.Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Different from the previous studies, Dr. Connolly’s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. In other words, private enterprise delivers more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.1.The phrase “crop up” in the first paragraph most probably means____2.Which of the followings can be attributed to Dr. Connolly’s study?3.According to the text, the author places interpretation on____4.In contrast to Dr. Connolly’s study, the previous ones failed to____5.Which of followings could be the best title for the text?
问题1
A、thrive.
B、plant.
C、elevate.
D、happen.
问题2
A、Pay discrimination between male and female scientists.
B、Fewer research resources for women scientists.
C、The super qualities possessed by male scientists.
D、The role of analyzing the results of a survey.
问题3
A、a humor.
B、a adage.
C、a term.
D、a motto.
问题4
A、compare the pay between male and female scientists.
B、make a comparison between the experience of scientists in others kinds of laboratory and that of those in universities.
C、contrast the degree of efforts between male and female scientists in their endeavors.
D、make the supposedly egalitarian world of academia deliver more equality.
问题5
A、Avoid the discrimination.
B、Free to Flutter.
C、The Hardest Move.
D、Mind the Gap.
2、boom
A、 adj. 不同的;另一个(人)
B、 adj. 令人尴尬的，使人难堪的;难对付的，难处理的;不方便的;产生困难的，危险的;笨拙的，不舒适的
C、 adj. 知道，意识到，明白;察觉到，发觉，发现;对……有兴趣的，有……意识的
D、 n. 激增，繁荣;突然风靡的时期;深沉的响声;水栅;v. 轰鸣，轰响;以低沉有力的声音说;迅速发展，激增，繁荣昌盛
3、capable
A、 adj. 有能力的;有才干的;容许……的;可以做(某事)的;综合性的;有资格的
B、 n. 姑母;姨母;伯母;婶母;舅母;阿姨
C、 adj. 听觉的;听的
D、 adj. 真正的，真品的，真迹的;真实的，真正的;逼真的
4、Text 1 ①How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? ②It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. ③This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure ofinflation. ①Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. ②Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? ③Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North. ①However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. ②It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. ③The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. ④However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered. ①The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. ②This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. ③Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. ④The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.1、The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______ . 2、The stockbroker in Para graph 2 is used to stand for ______ . 3、It is indicated in Para graph 3 that train operators ______ . 4、If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______ . 5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
问题1
A、has kept pace with inflation
B、is a big surprise to commuters
C、remains an unreasonable measure
D、will ease train operators' burden
问题2
A、car drivers
B、rail travelers
C、local investors
D、ordinary taxpayers
问题3
A、are offering compensation to commuters
B、are trying to repair relations with the unions
C、have failed to provide an adequate service
D、have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
问题4
A、the loss of investment
B、the collapse of operations
C、a reduction of revenue
D、a change of ownership
问题5
A、Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B、Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work
C、Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?
D、Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
5、While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.” Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.” Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.1、Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?2、Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women _____.3、According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be _____.4、The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 6, Para. 5) shows that _____.5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
问题1
A、Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B、Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C、Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D、Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.
问题2
A、need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.
B、have limited capacity for tolerating stress.
C、are more capable of avoiding stress.
D、are exposed to more stress.
问题3
A、domestic and temporary.
B、irregular and violent.
C、durable and frequent.
D、trivial and random.
问题4
A、Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.
B、Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.
C、Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.
D、Alvarez paid practically everything by check.
问题5
A、Strain of Stress: No Way Out?
B、Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
C、Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say
D、Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress
1、试题答案：第1题:D;第2题:A;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;
试题解析：
1.D
【解析】本文第一段第二句中的“crop up”，其含义是“发生，出现”，是一个固定用法。因此可以得出本题的正确答案应该是D。此外，本题也可以从上下文中推断出正确答案，前文讲的是马萨诸塞州一个机构内部的关于男女科学家待遇不同的研究，下文讲的是瑞典的一个类似的研究，女科学家受到歧视的事情在别的地方也有发生，因此我们可以得出“crop up”应该是发生的意思。故选D。
2.A
【解析】本题是一道细节题，考查考生准确理解原文信息的能力。本题的答案信息在第一段尾句和第二段的首句。第一段尾句(即全文的中心主旨句)中的“a much larger study”所指代的就是从第二段到结尾作者所详细阐述的Sara Connolly(Dr. Connolly)的研究，其研究成果就是第一段尾句中的“discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scientists at British universities”。由此可以推断出正确选项是A。
3.C
【解析】本题是一道细节题，考查考生对本文作者所用的写作方式的准确识别与把握。本题的答案信息在第五段的首句，在该句中作者对“glass-ceiling”(玻璃屋顶)这一词语进行了解释说明(即横线后面的部分)，因此本题的正确选项应该是C(术语)。
4.B
【解析】本题是一道细节推导题，考查考生对文章：重要细节信息的理解和推导能力。本题的答案信息在尾段的第三句，其大意是：“与以往的研究不同，Connolly博上的研究把大学里科学家的经验与其他种类实验室里的科学家进行了比较。”由此可以得出本题的正确选项是B。此外还可以通过排除法，第一段中讲述的另外两个研究已经对A、C两项的内容进行了对比，D项明显不对，因此B是正确选项。
5.D
【解析】本题是一道中心主旨题，考查考生对本文整体把握以及对中心主旨理解的能力。本题的答案信息在文章首段的尾句(即本文的中心主旨句)，其大意是：“现在，一次更大规模的研究(即Sara Connolly的研究)已经发现歧视在英国大学男女科学家收入差距(pay gap)方面起着作用。”并且整篇文章都是在讲述对男女科学家收入和待遇差距方面的研究，由此可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是D。
2、试题答案：D
3、试题答案：A
4、试题答案：第1题:C;第2题:B;第3题:C;第4题:D;第5题:D;
试题解析：第1题:
首段首句提出事件“今年火车票价又一次上涨”并反问火车运营商如何才能对此作出合理解释，暗传作者态度“此举不合理”;②③句介绍运营商涨价的两大特点“涨价频繁”“涨幅过大”，进一步明确作者态度：今年火车客运票价上涨不合理，C正确。
第2题:
第二段①句介绍政府允许提价的原因：铁路网的投资运营成本理应由其使用者(those who use it)而非全体纳税人承担。②句列举两个典型的人物具体说明①句所述原因：一位驾车出行、靠退休金度日的人凭什么要补贴一位股票经纪人的日常通勤(the daily commute)?即谁乘车，谁买单，不乘车者没有义务为火车乘客买单。股票经纪人是“火车乘客/铁路网使用者”的典型代表，B正确。
第3题:
第三段①句指出事实：过去一年，通勤者遭遇了严重的铁路罢工活动。②句中，作者提出，乘客既然支付了高昂的乘车费用，就理应能够要求基本水平的服务。联系两句可知，罢工导致铁路停摆，火车运营商未能提供基本的服务，C正确。
第4题:
末段末句指出，虽然国有化威胁可能目前暂时得以解除，但是火车运营商若不立即处理乘客的愤怒情绪，这一威胁将会更猛烈地卷土重来。可见D正确。
第5题:
首段引入事件“火车运营商再次调涨客运票价”并指出这给乘客增添沉重负担，并不合理。第二、三段分析事件，先让步指出，本着“谁使用、谁付费”的逻辑，“乘客分担上涨的铁路成本”有其道理，再转而指出虽然乘客付出的费用不断攀升，其获得的服务水平却停滞不前，甚至根本未达到基本合格标准，持续涨价并不合理。末段向政府提议，向运营商发出警告：若仍旧“只涨票价，不提高服务水平”，乘客将不再买账，铁路线路将面临国有化威胁。可见，全文围绕火车运营商“连年调涨火车票价”展开，意在表明这一不合理之举已引起众怒，绝非长久之计，D正确。
5、试题答案：第1题:A;第2题:D;第3题:C;第4题:B;第5题:D;
试题解析：第1题:
第一段第2句指出：“比起男性，女性在压力下更容易产生抑郁和焦虑”。接着第二段第1句指出：“性激素在某种程度上会影响生物对于压力的反应，导致在承受压力的时候，雌性比相同条件下的雄性分泌更多触发性(引起抑都和焦虑的)化学物质”。综上可知，女性更容易受压力影响是其生理构造决定的，故A为正确选项。其他三个选项在文章第一、二段都无法得出，均排除。
第2题:
第三段第3句指出;女性“有更多的压力要去处理”;紧接着第4句又指出：女性“要应付如此之多的事情”。综上可知，D选项说女性遭受更多的压力(more stress)，符合原文，为正确选项。A选项：根据第三段第1句中的a woman's increased dose of stress chemical设置的干扰项，原文是说压力导致化学物质分泌增加，没有说这种化学物质有助于应付压力，所以A选项错误。B，C选项：都是根据第三段第4句中的Their capacity for tolerating stress设置的干扰项，原文是说女性忍受压力的能力也许比男性更强，没有提到女性忍受压力的能力有限，也没有提到女性回避压力的能力更强，故均排除。
第3题:
第四段第2句指出：“我认为女性平时接触到的事情通常具有长期性、反复性的特点”。C选项中的durable，frequent分别是原文中的chronic，repeated的同义替换。而且第5句也继续强调女性面对的压力通常发生在家里，且不止一次(not to be one-shot deals)，即说明这种压力是持久的(durable)和频繁的(frequent)，所以C为正确答案。A选项中的temporary(临时的，暂时的)不符合文意，可排除。B选项中的irregular可以在第四段第4句Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence中找到类似表述，irregular和random是同义词，且violent与violence是同根词，但该句是陈述男性面对的压力有什么特点，与题目不符，故排除。D选项中的random一词也是用来形容男性面对的压力，故也排除。第四段主题：女性面对的压力和男性不一样，女性面对的压力往往具有长期性和反复性，破坏性更大。
第4题:
根据第五段第5句，阿尔瓦雷斯既要照顾孩子，又要工作、付房租、养车、还债。所以本段主要讲述了阿尔瓦雷斯生活艰辛，生存压力大，只有B选项体现出她的不容易，其他选项不能体现这一点，所以B选项为正确答案。
第5题:
综合文章各段主题可以得知这篇文章主要讲述的是：女性所面临的压力以及她们在压力下的表现。A选项缺少本文的主题词女性(women)，不能概括本文。B选项有gender一词，但是本文主要强调的是女性，男性只是陪衬，起到对比参照的作用而已，故排除B选项。C选项的chemicals只是文章第二、三段提到的一个小细节，不足以概括全文，也可以排除D选项既有主题词women，也描述了不同性别对于压力的不同反应，概括了原文内容，因而是最佳选项。
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