本文讲解考研英语语法之【it的用法】。语法是英语学习的基础,语法大关不过,阅读、完型、翻译和写作都会有难度,就别提过线和拿高分了。所以说,基础阶段,语法基础要打好。请关注新东方在线2020考研英语语法大全系列文章,我们一起来梳理考研英语所需的基础语法和重点语法:
It分为两种情况,一种是指代性it,另一种则为非指代性it。在此为大家介绍it的几种用法。
指代性it一般是指人称代词it, it作人称代词时可指代事物、动物、婴儿、未知的人或一件事。
例句1:It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. 这句话中第二个it就是指代前面的theory。这是一个许多经济学家赞同的理论,但是在实际中,它往往会使得铁路处于一个决定哪些公司会兴旺,哪些公司会衰败的地位中。
例句2: Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在这句话中,it指代a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 这一情况。除非这些问题得到解决,研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥,解决问题的唯一方法也可能随之受到排斥。
第二种情况是非指代性it。非指代性it是相对于作人称代词的it而言的。他们往往没有具体意义上的主语,它用于表示气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等。非指代性it常作seem, appear, look, happen, occur, follow等动词的主语,构成特定的句型。
例句:From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.这句中it没有实际意义,为非指代性用法,that引导表语从句。从热点人口分析中可以看出,非洲板块是静止不动的,而且在过去的三百万年中也从未移动过。
当然,在考研考试中,it的重难点更加具体和明确。
it 做先行词。it做形式主语或者形式宾语。It作形式主语时,往往放在句首,将真正的主语(动词不定式、动名词、从句)放在之后。其中it可作形式主语指代不定式,这时常见的谓语有:take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need等。另外,it形式主语指代It形式主语指代从句,而且主要形式为It is+a.+than; It is+n.+that; It is+done+that; It+vi+that;
例如:It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspaper.
It做形式宾语是放在谓语动词与宾语补足语之间,指代不定式、动名词、从句等。后接it作形式宾语的谓语动词有:feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count等。
引导强调句的it。同学们所熟悉的强调句型中,它的基本形式就是“it+be的某种形式+that/who从句”。当被强调部分是人时须用who, 其他情况用that。例句:Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. 在because从句中就运用了it was ….that的强调句型,强调部分为the Federal Circuit itself. 对商业方法专利申请的限制将会是一个巨大的改变,因为这些专利正是联邦巡回法院自己在1998年审理一个被称作“美国道富银行”的案件时提出的,判决中巡回法院批准了一项共同基金资产集资方法的专利。