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2019考研英语(一)阅读理解试卷解析

　　Section II Reading Comprehension

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks

　　are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

　　“Short-termism" or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

　　The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.

　　In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner

　　Daniel Gallagher of the US security and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

　　In the US，the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 200 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce "short-termism. In its latest survey of CEO pay, The wall Street Journal finds that“a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.

　　Much more could be done to encourage “ long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

　　Within companies he right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is

　　a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

　　21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the

　　A. enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility

　　B. help corporations achieve larger profits

　　C. build a new system of financial regulation

　　D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives

　　解析：21题属于细节题，直接根据出题顺序原则和题干关键词“属于细 motive”和“the new rule”回到第一段去定位，第一句有“a rule”，但没有提到“但没有 motive” 相关表达，第二句都是数字和时间，可以推测是 “the rule”的具体内容，扫到第三句看到 “the main purpose of this ‘clawback’ rule” (这一原则的主要目的)可以确定这句就是题干(这个新原则的动机)的出处，所以直接找 “to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution”(让银行家对有害的冒险行为负责并恢复公众对金融机构的信任)的同义改写即可，所以最佳选项为A选项(提高银行家的责任感)， “bankers” 是原词，“原词，nkers” 感”对应着“应着，nkers” 感”，责”，其他选项定位句未提到，直接排除，无需比对。

　　22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate

　　A. the conditions for generating quick profits

　　B governments’ impatience in decision-making

　　C the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　D. “short-termism" in economic activities

　　解析：22题属于例证题，题目问道AM这个人被提到来说明什么，直接根据出题顺序原则回到第二段找AM，AM在第二段的第二句，因此定位到第二段的第一句才是引用AM想要说明的观点，直接找这一句 “Short-termism, or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies,…”(一味追求短期利益的风气在公开上市交易的公司愈加严重)的同义改写即可，所以正确选项为D选项(经济活动中的追求短期利益的风气)，“short-termism”为原词， “economic activities”对应着 “publicly traded companies”, 定位句没有提到“产生快速利益的条件”，只提到了“追求”，所以排除A 选项，也没有提到“政府”的具体概念，所以排除B选项，C选项中的“公开上市公司的稳固结构”也没提到，直接排除。

　　23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be

　　A. Indirect B. adverse

　　C. Minimal D. temporary

　　解析：23题属于类似态度题的细节题，题干问的是“短期投资对公开上市公司的影响”，直接根据出题顺序原则回到第三段找“transient investment”的相关表达，可以定位到第三段第二句 “transient investors,…, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research and to build up customer loyalty.” (短期投资者可能阻碍公司投资长期研究和建立客户忠诚度的努力)，由这句话我们可以推知短期投资对这些公司的影响是不利的，所以选择A选项adverse(不利的)。

　　24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate

　　A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.

　　B the significance of long-term thinking.

　　C the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.

　　D the prevalence of short-term thinking.

　　解析：24题属于例证题，题干问的是“美国和法国的例子被用来说明什么”，直接根据出题顺序原则往后面的段落找美国和法国，可以在第五段和第六段找到，但不用读出现具体数字和时间的例子，只需要找到观点，因此我们可以很容易定位到第六段的第一句“Much more could be done to encourage‘ long-termism’，such as…….. ”(我们可以采取更多措施去鼓励看重长期效益的思维方式)，直接找这一句的同义改写即可，因此正确选项是C选项(推动长期主义的途径)，“long-termism”是原词，“原词，g-termi对应着“应着，g-ter，“应着，g-对应着“应着，g-term，A和D选项提到的是“短期主义”，直接排除，B选项说的是“看重长期效益思维方式的重要性”，定位句强调的是“做法”而非“重要性”，故排除。

　　25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

　　B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue

　　C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

　　D Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

　　解析：25题属于主旨题，做了前面几题之后我们对整个文章的重点已经有了把握，一直反复强调的是上市公司中的“属于主旨题，做了前面几题之后和“属于主旨题，做了前面几题之(表达也是反复出现)，因此我们选择B选项(耐心是一种企业美德)，“项(耐心是一种企业对应着“应着耐心是一种企业美德)，，而且从第三题我们也知道，作者对“而且从第三题我们也知道，作者是负面态度，自然对“负面态度，自然对也知道，作是正面态度，因此选择B选项。ACD选项提到的内容均是某一段落提到的内容，范围过小，无法概括主旨，故排除。

　　Text 2

　　Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAS(Grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness-is helping raise GPAS.

　　Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.

　　The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

　　College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty ultimately ", said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, " we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”

　　That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions, state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention--so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAS will likely make students-who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

　　Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students and colleges incentives seem to be aligned.

　　26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?

　　A. The change of course catalogs

　　B. Students indifference to GPAS

　　C. Colleges' neglect of GPAS

　　D. The influence of consumer culture

　　解析：26题属于细节题，题干问的是“成绩夸大的通常原因是什么”，直接根据顺序原则和题干关键词“直接根据顺 inflation”和“直接根据顺 inf回到第一段定位，我们可以定位到第一句，“often”对应着“应着ten”，我们，“应着ten”，产物”对应着“应着ten”，所以我们直接找这一句 “Grade inflation….is often considered as a product of a consumer ear in higher education, in which….”的同义改写即可，因此正确选项为D选项(the influence of consumer culture),consumer为原词重现。其他选项定位句均未提到，直接排除。这里重点说一下强干扰选项A选项，考生可能看到第二句，刚好有but，也有raise GPAS, 所以将这句确定为了定位句，选了原词course catalog重现的A选项。但是考生需要注意的是，题干中有commonly，问的是人们通常认为的原因，定位句只能是第一句(包含often)，而且就算定位到第二句，仔细比对之后也会发现是grade forgiveness这个政策而不是课程目录的变化导致了成绩夸大。对于细节题，考生一定要注意提干中的每个小词，看清楚问的是什么，才能保证不掉坑。

　　27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?

　　A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning

　　B. To maintain colleges graduation rates

　　C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future

　　D. To increase universities' income from tuition

　　解析：27题属于细节题，题干问的是“补考政策最初的目的是什么?”，跟上一题类似，也要看清楚题干，注意问的是过去的情况，根据顺序原则和题干信息，我们可以定位到第三段第二句，前面都是现在时态直接跳过，直接找第二句 “When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to the college-level courses.”的同义改写，所以正确选项为A选项，freshmen和college都是原词重现，其他选项均不是定位句的内容，直接排除。值得一提的是有同学选择D选项，因为发现下一句有but，也有原词graduate，但要注意题干问的过去，but句是现在时态，不是定位句的范围。

　　28. According to Paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enables colleges to

　　A. obtain more financial support

　　B. boost their student enrollments

　　C improve their teaching quality

　　D. meet local governments needs

　　解析：28题属于细节题，题干问的是“根据第五段，补考政策使大学能够做什么?”，直接在第五段找“直接在第五 forgiveness大和“college”可以首先定位到第五段第一句，可以得知补考政策可以满足大学自身的需求，但这句没有具体说明需求是什么，所以得继续往后读，读到第二句“For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metric such as graduation rates and students retention…..” 我们知道补考政策是可以让大学获得更多国家补贴的，所以正确选项是A选项(obtain more financial support), “funds” 对应着“应着funds” supports，B和C选项中的“招生率”和“教学质量”没有提到，直接排除，D选项中的“大学的需求”偷换成了“当地政府的需求”，故排除。

　　29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5, Para. 6)most probably mean?

　　A. To counterbalance each other

　　B. To complement each other

　　C, To be identical with each other

　　D. To be contradictory to each other.

　　29题属于语义题，题干问“to be aligned ”的意思，这个单词大部分考生不认识，所以我们需要根据上下文推断它的意思。这个表达所在的本句说的是“在这一点上，学生和大学的动机是怎么样的”，那我们往上看一下学生和大学的动机，上文提到学生和家长是希望能够有个好分数找个好工作，而好分数也是符合大学的利益的，因此我们可以知道大学和学生的动机是一致的，所以我们选择C选项(identical一致的)。

　　30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by

　　A assessing its feasibility

　　B. analyzing the causes behind it.

　　C. comparing different views on it

　　D. listing its long-run effects

　　解析：30题属于篇章结构题，类似主旨题的解法，需要整体把握整个文章的行文结构，其实做了前面几题我们已经大概可以把握整个文章的结构，第一、二、三题问的补考政策的原因、目的和对大学的作用，所以我们可以知道整个文章就是围绕补考政策背后的原因展开的，既有消费文化的影响，有从学生角度出发的原因，也有为了满足大学本身需要的原因，所以我们选择B选项。

　　Text 3

　　This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein: or. The Modem Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author

　　produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.

　　Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions: "What is

　　intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”

　　What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look. move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as "West world" "Humans”.

　　Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced says David Eagleman a Stanford University neuroscientist. “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”

　　But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. Al “vision" today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans and to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.

　　Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. " you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How chief executive of a Singapore based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.

　　On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm” or to develop Al-directed weapons or use A for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy Al whose use would violate international laws or human rights

　　While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.

　　To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein's out-of-control monster.

　　31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it

　　A. fascinates Al scientists all over the world.

　　B. has remained popular for as long as 200 years.

　　C. involves some concerns raised by Al today

　　D. has sparked serious ethical controversies

　　解析：31题属于细节题，题干问的是Mary Shelley的小说Frankenstein被提到是因为它怎么样，直接根据顺序原则和Frankenstein回到第一段定位到第一句就有，但第一句只是引出了这本小说，没有具体说它的内容，所以继续往第二句看，第二句“….., the author

　　produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.“中具体用一个that从句说明了这本小说的内容，所以直接找这一小句“that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.”的同义改写即可，所以正确选项为C选项“involves some concerns raised by Al today”，“ethical questions”对应着“应着hical q，“应着hical quest对应着“AI”。当然从整个篇章结构来说，作者引用这本小说也是为了引出第二段Today后的主题“Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence(AI)raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”,从这个角度出发我们也可以选出C选项。

　　32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness

　　A. helps explain artificial intelligence

　　B. can be misleading to robot making

　　C. inspires popular sci-fi TV series

　　D. is too limited for us to reproduce it

　　解析：32题属于细节题，直接根据顺序原则和题干关键词David Eagleman和our current knowledge of consciousness往后面的段落去定位，很容易我们可以定位到第四段第二句，有原词consciousness，还有“还有sciou与“还有sciousne对应，所以直接找这一句“We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”的同义改写，故正确答案为D选项( is too limited for us to reproduce it)，no good theory对应着too limited， build a machine to get there对应着reproduce(复制)it。

　　33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles

　　A. can hardly ever be found.

　　B. is still beyond our capacity.

　　C. causes little public concern

　　D. has aroused much curiosity

　　解析：33题属于细节题，题干问的是“无人驾驶汽车带来的伦理问题的解决方案怎么样?”，直接根据顺序原则和关键词the ethical issues 和 autonomous vehicles定位到第五段第二句，但第二句并未提到solution，所以继续往后看，第三和第四句讲的是人，跳过，第五六句才再次提到AI和driving，属于定位句，直接找这两句“Al “vision" today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.”的同义改写即可，故正确选项是B选项(is still beyond our capacity.)C和D选项原文未提到，A选项有考生选择，但要注意A选项(can hardly ever be found.)太过绝对，故排除。

　　34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of

　　A. animation

　　B. skepticism

　　C. contempt

　　D. respect

　　34题属于态度题，题干问的是“作者对谷歌的承诺的态度”，回到原文我们可以迅速在第七段找到谷歌的承诺，但题目问的是作者对它的态度，所以在第七段谷歌承诺完之后，接下来第八段作者才会登场表态，所以我们定位到第八段第一句“While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point.”，这一句说的是“尽管谷歌的承诺很含糊不清，但这是个好的开端”，由此可以推知作者对谷歌的承诺是一个相对支持的态度。故正确选项为A选项(affirmation肯定)，B选项态度反了，故排除，C选项鄙视，干扰项，直接排除，D选项是强干扰，但respect这个词感情太强烈了，作者并没有那么强烈的支持，所以最终我们选择A选项。

　　35 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A.AI's Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants

　　B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al

　　C. The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable

　　D. Al Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control

　　解析：35题属于主旨题，做了前面几题之后我们对整个文章的重点已经有了把握，一直反复强调的是ethical questions，这个表达也是一直反复出现(ethical questions，ethical issues, values等)，所以正确选项是C选项The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable，conscience(道德心，良心)与ethical对应。

　　Text 4

　　States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchase under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

　　The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.

　　The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.

　　Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. " Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States, " he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices Kennedy wrote that the rule "limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”

　　The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

　　Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the states sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

　　Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, " Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.

　　36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will

　　A. better business’ relations with states

　　B. put most online business in a dilemma

　　C make more online shoppers pay sales tax

　　D. force some sates to cut sales tax

　　解析：36题属于细节题，题干问的是“最高法院周四的决议将怎么样?”，直接根据顺序原则和关键词The Supreme Court decision Thursday定位到第一段第一句“States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchase under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states”，找到这个句子的同义改写即可，故正确答案为C 选项make more online shoppers pay sales tax，A和B选项未提及，直接排除，D选项(迫使州减税)与原文意思(对州来说是经济上的胜利)反了，故排除。

　　37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions

　　A. have led to the dominance of e-commerce

　　B. have cost consumers a lot over the years

　　C. were widely criticized by online purchases

　　D were considered unfavorable by states

　　解析：37题属于推理题，题干问的是“根据第二和第三段，这些被推翻的决议怎么样?”，直接根据关键词the overruled decisions回到第二段和第三段定位，可以定位到第二段的The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.以及第三段的第一句The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office，the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state.这三句围绕都是这些决议让州很难对在线购买活动征收消费税，导致州每年损失数十亿美元，将选项仔细与原文比对，可以得出正确选项是D选项were considered unfavorable by states(州认为这些决议对它们来说是不利的)，其他选项未提及，直接排除。

　　38 According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has

　　A. hindered economic development

　　B. brought prosperity to the country

　　C. harmed fair market competition

　　D. Boosted growth in states. Revenue

　　解析：38题属于细节题，题干问的是“根据Anthony Kennedy法官，实体存在规则已经怎么样?”，直接根据顺序原则和题干关键词Justice Anthony Kennedy和the physical presence rule 回到第四段定位，但考生需要注意的是题干问的是过去的情况，所以直接跳过现在的情况，定位到第四段最后一句“the rule "limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”，找到这一句的同义改写即可，故正确答案为C选项harmed fair market competition，competing对应着competition， an even playing field对应着fair。B和C选项方向反了，原文是“项方向反了，原文，是负向，B和C都是正向，故直接排除B和C。A选项hinder表示阻碍，方向是对的，但范围太大太虚，故最佳选项是C选项。

　　39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling

　　A. Internet entrepreneurs B. Big-chair owners

　　B. Third-party seller D. Small retailers

　　解析：39题属于细节题，题干问的是“下面哪一个欢迎最高法院这一决议?”，但实际上有点像态度题的变体，直接回到原文看哪一个对这一决议持正向态度即可。根据顺序原则我们首先可以看到第五段第一句“The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already.”，根据这一句我们中的victory(胜利)我们可以十分确定big chains对这个决议是正向态度，所以直接就选择了B选项were consider unfavorable by states。

　　40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday. the author

　　A. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences

　　B. describes the long and complicated process of its making

　　C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them

　　D. cities some cases related to it and analyzes their implications

　　解析：40题属于篇章结构题，类似主旨题的解法，需要整体把握整个文章的行文结构，其实做了前面几题我们已经大概可以把握整个文章的结构，这篇文章先是在前面几个段落介绍了这个决议的具体内容，然后开始说这个决议对各方造成的结果，故正确选项为A选项gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences。值得一提的是，这篇文章的首段是一个独句段，因此这一句States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchase under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states就是整个文章的主旨句，而这一句就是描述了这一个决议的内容，然后分别指明了其对shoppers和states的影响。

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on

　　ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of argument -from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

　　B. Of course, any discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly, A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite

　　C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to, Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably, Assess its strength impartially Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies

　　D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competition-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

　　E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way… to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

　　E. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a tight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand the, their positions or the issues that divide you. But they can help you win-in one way

　　G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast. suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

　　41ー42ーF-43-44ーC-45

　　解析：

　　今年新题型考查的依然是段落排序题，对于这类题型，我们重点是要找出能够提示段落间联系的线索信息，比如指示代词，逻辑词，缩写，时间等，需要重点关注的地方是每段的首尾句，根据每段首句的线索信息来解题。

　　我们先浏览下各段的首尾句，找出一些线索信息。A段首句These tools can help you win every argument-…..出现了“these tools，可以推知A段上一段的尾句是在讲一些工具或方法。A段末句If we read just our view of argument -…-then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.讲的是“如果我们调整我们对辩论的看法，那我们就改变了赢一场辩论的本质。”果段首句Of course, any discussions are not so successful.(当然，并不是每场辩论都成功)，从逻辑的角度可以推知B段的上段一定将“辩论成功”。B段末句Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite讲的是“谦卑要求我们去意识到自己论点中的不足，并且有时候也要求我们去接受反方给出的理由。”卑段首句None of this will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to.出现了指示代词this，可以推知C段上段的末句一定是一定不容易做的的事情。C段末尾三个并列句Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.都是具体的辩论的方法。刚好可以跟A段的these tools构成指代关系，所以我们可以将C，A绑在一起。D段首句Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them.出现了Carnegie，不是全名，只是缩写，所以不能放在首段，前面的段落一定要出现这个人的全名。D段的末句This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.讲的是“这类思维方式是为什么如此多的人尽力避免辩论，尤其关于政治和宗教辩论的原因。”E段首句In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way… to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "出现了Carnegie的全名，所以一定是在D段的前面，但不一定挨着。但考生需要关注的是，一般出项例子，出项书名，一般是作为引子段来引出全文的主题，所以我们可以考虑E段极有可能是首段。E段末句This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- ….说的是“这种规避辩论的观点并不好”。F段首句These views of arguments also undermine reason出现了指示代词these views,可以推知F段的上段末句一定是关于辩论的观点，从also可以推知这些观点还是不好的，我们可以考虑D段和E段，这两段都是讲一种不好的对辩论的观点。F段末句But they can help you win-in one way讲的是“它们可以以一种方式帮你赢得辩论”。G段首句There is a better way to win arguments出现了比较级better，可以推知G段上段末句一定讲的是赢得辩论的一种方式，所以我们可以将FG绑在一起。G段末句Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.讲的是我们能够懂得彼此的立场并且意识到我们共有的价值观。

　　浏览完每段首尾句并捆绑了一些段落后我们可以根据已知段落来排序了。首段没有给出，我们可以用排除法确定，能作为首段的只剩下E选项，所以41选E, FG捆绑了，所以43选G,C和A捆绑了，所以45选A, F段前面我们之前考虑的是D或者E,E已经作为了首段，所以我们只剩下D段跟它构成指代关系，所以42选D,刚好人称也能对上，最后只剩下44，选择剩下的B选项，G段讲的赢得辩论的方法，B段首句说当然，不是每场辩论都成功，跟G段刚好内容上能衔接上。

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