Pennsylvania‘s colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both industrial and political I implications.The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing.However，England wanted all of the line colonies’rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories，and also wanted the colonies to be a market for its finished goods.England passed legislation in 1750 to prohibit colonists from making finished iron products，but by 1771，when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania，iron making had become the backbone of American industry.It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies.By the time the war of independence broke out in 1776， Bird， angered and determined， was manufactureing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
After the War，Hopewell，along with hundreds of other“iron plantations”，continued to form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century.The tufa/landscape became dotted with tall i
stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke，charcoal—fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal SO crucial to the nation‘s growth.Generations of ironmasters，craftspeople，and workers produced goods during war and peace——ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast—iron stoves，pots，and sash weights for windows.
The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production：a wealth of iron ore near the surface，limestone for removing impurities from the iron，hardwood forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel，rushing water to power the bellows that pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires，and workers to supply the labor.By the 1 830s，Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast—iron stoves，for which there was a steady market.As Pennsylvania added more links to its transportation system of roads，canals，and railroads，it became easier to ship parts made by HopeweU workers to sites all over the east coast.There they were assembled into stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the“Hopewell stove”。By the time the last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1 883， the community had produced some 80，000 cast-iron stoves.
1. It can be inferred that the purpose ofthe legislation passed by England in 1 750 was to——。
[A]reduce the price of English—made iron goods sold in the colonies
[B]prevent the outbreak of the war of Independence
[C]require colonists to buy manufactured goods from England
[D]keep the colonies from establishing new markets for their raw materials
2. The author compares iron furnaces to which ofthe following?
[A]Cannons. [B]Pyramids.
[C]Pots. [D]Windows.
3. The word“blasts”in(Line 3，Para.3)is closest in meaning to .
[A]eruption [B]gust
[C]roar [D]dynamite
4. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for the following reason that————————。
[A]many workers were available in the area
[B] the center ofoperations ofthe army was nearby
[C]che deep—embedded metal ore was easy to acquire
[D]there was an abundance ofcoal
5. The passage mentions“roads，canals，and railroads”in order to explain that——。
[A]improvements in transportation benefited the Hopewell ironworks
[B]iron was used in the construction of various types of transportation
[C]me transportation system ofPennsylvania was superior to that of other states
[D]Hopewell never became a major transportation center
阅读小帮手
Raw adj.未加工的 legislation n.立法 entrepreneur n.企业家
blast n.(一阵)疾风 plantation n.耕地 foundation n.基础
rural adj.咖乡下的 versatile adj.多用途的 crucial adj.至关紧要的
domestic adj.家用的pump v.注入 reputation n.名声
assemble v.装配，组合 stoven n.炉
难句点津
By the time the War of Independence broke out in 1 776，Bird，angered and determined，was manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.
[点津]该句包含一个时间状语从句，句子的主干是Bird was manufacturing cannons and shot. by…为整句的时间状语，其中thetime与thewar…是同位语;angered and determined为插入语，用于修饰Bird;at Hopewell为shot的地点状语;to be used by…为Hopewell的后置定语。
全文翻译
宾夕法尼亚的殖民铸铁者们在铸铁的同时发起了一场具有工业和政治双重意义的革命。北美的殖民者想要拥有获取自己制造产品所创造的利润的权利。但是，英国却想占有沿线殖民地所有丰富的矿石和原材料以供给自己的工厂，还想让这些殖民地成为其成品市场。1750年，英国通过了一项法规禁止殖民者制造铁制成品。但是到了1771年，当企业家马克。伯德在宾夕法尼亚建立起霍普韦尔鼓风炉时，制铁业就成为了美国工业的支柱，同时也成为了导致英国与其殖民地之间革命性破裂的主要事件之一。1776年，独立战争爆发之时，伯德愤怒而坚决地在霍普韦尔为大陆军制造大炮和炮弹。
战争过后，霍普韦尔同其他数百家制铁厂一道，直到19世纪都在持续为这个新国家奠定工业基础。乡村密布着冒出火焰与烟雾的高大石塔以及以木炭为燃料的生产着对国家发展极为重要的多功能金属的高炉。一代代铸铁者、工匠和工人在战争与和平年代制造商品，从大炮和炮弹到诸如铸铁炉、锅以及窗户吊锤之类的家用产品。
霍普韦尔的周边地区拥有制铁所需的一切：埋藏浅的丰富的铁矿石、去除铁中杂质的石灰石、提供木炭燃料的硬木森林、推动风箱向炉火鼓风的湍急的河水，以及提供劳动力的工人。到了19世纪30年代，霍普韦尔因生产高质量的铸铁炉而名声大振，这种火炉拥有稳定的市场。随着宾夕法尼亚州的公路、运河以及铁路运输系统线路的增加，将霍普韦尔工人制造的零件运至整个东海岸就变得更加容易了。在那里，这些零件被组装成火炉，作为“霍普-t，尔火炉”销往从罗得岛到马里兰的各地。到1883年霍普韦尔制铁厂熄灭最后的炉火之时，该团体已经生产出了大约8万个铸铁炉。