2023年医学考博英语作文预测 (4)
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抑郁症主题
一、关于作文的标题
如果中文原文有标题，那我们的作文也应拟一个对应的英文标题。
英文标题中，除了介词，其他单词都需要首字母大写。
抑郁症这篇文章的中文标题是“抑郁症为何是21世纪的主要‘杀手’?” 标题是个问句，简洁地写成
Depression: A Major Health Killer
如果有同学非要强调“21世纪”，也可以写成
Depression: A Health Killer of 21st Century
二、背景知识与实用表达
抑郁症(Depression)在医学上又被称之为“重性抑郁障碍”，它并不仅仅是一种情绪波动(a mood swing)，也不是一种思维状态(a temporary state of mind)，而是一种摧残性的、令人衰弱的疾病(a crushing and debilitating illness)。
抑郁症患者会感到空虚(emptiness)和绝望(hopelessness);胃口下降和体重减轻(reduced appetite and weight loss);反应迟钝、言行迟缓(slowed thinking, speaking or body movements);对生活中的大部分事情失去兴趣(loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities);会有睡眠问题( sleep disturbances)，比如失眠或嗜睡(such as insomnia or sleeping too much);严重的患者甚至会自杀(committing suicide)。难过(sadness)和悲伤(grief)的情绪，是不能简单地和抑郁症划等号的。
其实，抑郁症的症状可以用一个英文单词来概括，即 Depression 这个词本身，其中各个字母代表的含义分别为：
D depression mood 抑郁心境
E energy decreased 疲乏或精力不足
P psychomotor changes 精神运动性改变
R reduced concentration in decision-making 做决定时注意力下降
E esteem decreased, excessive guilt 自尊心下降和过度自责
S sleep changes 睡眠情况改变
S suicidal ideation / behavior 自杀意念 / 行为
I interest decreased 兴趣减低
N nutritional and weight change 食欲和体重改变
抑郁症有时还伴随着很多其他类的精神疾病，例如焦虑症(Anxiety)、精神分裂症状(Schizophrenia)、边缘性人格障碍(Borderline Personality Disorder)等;抑郁症轻重各不相同，同一位病人也并不是随时都会抑郁发作，每次发作程度也有不同，这些众多原因导致了抑郁症病人的症状极其复杂多变，具有强烈的个体差异性，为疾病的治疗带来了很大的困难。
在英美国家，人们又把抑郁症称之为”黑狗(black dog)，这个比喻来自前英国首相丘吉尔。长期罹患忧郁症的丘吉尔有句名言——“心中的抑郁就像只黑狗,一有机会就咬住我不放。”
在传统的英国小说里，绅士们外出散步时，往往会牵着一只黑色皮毛的爱犬，不论发生什么事，它都形影不离地跟在主人左右。丘吉尔把抑郁症比作黑狗，虽然带着几分自嘲，却非常贴切。在那之后，黑狗(blackdog)就成了抑郁症的代名词。
《丘吉尔的黑狗》是一本畅销心理学科普著作，作者安东尼·斯托尔(1920-2001)英国首屈一指的精神科医生、作家。书中以一种积极向上的态度来观察心理忧郁现象，对弗洛伊德的理论进行了反思，剖解了许多大人物的忧郁心理与非凡成就之间的关系。
英国导演 Will Hutchinson 在 2010 年拍摄了一部电影短片《I Had a Black Dog》，改编自马修·约翰斯同名书籍。短片展现了一名抑郁症患者的内心独白。
三、万能句
本文就抑郁症(Depression)这个主题，从定义(Definition)、症状(Symptoms)、原因(Cause)、评估(Clinical assessment)这四个方面给大家整理了实用的、比较万能的句子，这些句子全部来自外刊，绝无中式英语，大家可以放心使用。
01 Definition
Depression is a common mental disorder. Globally, more than ...(这里填人数) people of all ages suffer from depression.
Depression is a common illness worldwide, with more than ... (这里填人数)people affected.
The World Health Organisation has issued a new report stating that by the year ...(这里填年份)depression will be the world’s biggest killer.
Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and is a major contributor to the overall global burden of disease.
Depression is different from usual mood fluctuations and short-lived emotional responses to challenges in everyday life.
Especially when long-lasting and with moderate or severe intensity, depression may become a serious health condition.
It can cause the affected person to suffer greatly and function poorly at work, at school and in the family.
At its worst, depression can lead to suicide.
Depression will become the second leading cause of death by 2020，ranking after heart disease.
02 Symptoms
Depending on the number and severity of symptoms, a depressive episode can be categorized as mild, moderate, or severe.
For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Other people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.
Depression is not a normal part of growing older, and it should never be taken lightly. Unfortunately, depression often goes undiagnosed and untreated in older adults, and they may feel reluctant to seek help. Symptoms of depression may be different or less obvious in older adults, such as memory difficulties, personality changes, suicidal thinking or feelings, especially in older men.
03 Cause
Depression results from a complex interaction of social, psychological and biological factors.
People who have gone through adverse life events (unemployment, bereavement, psychological trauma) are more likely to develop depression.
Depression can, in turn, lead to more stress and dysfunction and worsen the affected person’s life situation and depression itself.
There are interrelationships between depression and physical health. For example, cardiovascular disease can lead to depression and vice versa.
04 Clinical assessment
A diagnostic assessment may be conducted by a suitably trained general practitioner, or by a psychiatrist or psychologist, who records the person's current circumstances, biographical history, current symptoms, and family history.
The assessment also includes a mental state examination, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, in particular the presence of themes of hopelessness or pessimism, self-harm or suicide, and an absence of positive thoughts or plans.
Before diagnosing a major depressive disorder, in general a doctor performs a medical examination and selected investigations to rule out other causes of symptoms.
05 Treatment
There are effective treatments for depression.
Health-care providers may offer psychological treatments or antidepressant medication.
Prevention programmes have been shown to reduce depression.
Interventions for parents of children with behavioural problems may reduce parental depressive symptoms and improve outcomes for their children.
Exercise programmes for the elderly can also be effective in depression prevention.
Antidepressants can be an effective form of treatment for moderate-severe depression but are not the first line of treatment for cases of mild depression.
Physical exercise is recommended for management of mild depression, and has a moderate effect on symptoms.
Exercise has also been found to be effective for major depression.It is equivalent to the use of medications or psychological therapies in most people.
In the older people exercise does appear to decrease depression.
Exercise may be recommended to people who are willing, motivated, andphysically healthy enough to participate in an exercise program as treatment.
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