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In the1990s New York City's success in cutting crimebecame a model forAmericaand the world. Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows”philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture oflawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around.It made the name of the mayor, Rudy Giuliani, now a presidential aspirant.
Hopelessis how many people feel about America's government-funded public schools,particularly in the dodgier parts ofbig cities, where graduation rates are shockingly low and many fail to achievebasic levels of literacy and numeracy. As with urbancrime, failing urban schools are preoccupying countries the world over. Andjust as New Yorkpointed the way on fighting crime, under another mayor, Michael Bloomberg, itis now emerging as a model for school reform.
OnNovember 5th Mr Bloomberg announced a new “report card” for the city's schools,designed to make them accountable for their performance. The highest-gradedschools will get an increased budget and perhaps a bonus for the principal.Schools that fail will not be tolerated: unless their performance improves,their principals will be fired, and if that does not do the trick, they will beclosed. This is the culmination of a series of reforms that began when MrBloomberg campaigned for, and won, direct control of the school system afterbecoming mayor in 2002. Even before the “report cards”, there have beenimpressive signs of improvement, including higher test scores and bettergraduation rates.
MrBloomberg has not been as brave with schools as Mr Giuliani was with crime.Oddly given his belief in competition, the former media mogul shunned the mostradical option—vouchers that allowparents to shop around beyond the public-schools system for their children'seducation. On the other hand, even supporters of school choice, like thisnewspaper, have to admit it is proving hard to sell. Nor has Mr Bloomberg madea big push to introduce large numbers of independent charter schools as exist,say, in Los Angeles.
Againstthis, Mr Bloomberg has provided an example of what a mayor with control ofschools can do even without embracing such controversial ideas. He has avoided inflammatory political terms—“meritpay” and “vouchers” are red rags to teachers' unions. Instead, byusing the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions fromprincipals and teachers, and by persuadingphilanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might behard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put inplace a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that hehopes will achieve much the same effect.
Will it?A lot will depend on whether Mr Bloomberg's actions continue to match his toughtalk. Unless bad schools are indeed closed, his scheme will be as much good asa blackboard with no chalk. But there are some parallels with Mr Giuliani'scrime reforms. For the New York Police Department's giant CompStat database,which provided useful insight into crime patterns, read a new schoolsinformation system for students, parents, teachers and schools administratorsdesigned by IBM. For the concept of making precinctpolice captains personally accountable for reducing crime, read the grading ofschools and firing of failing principals.
1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?
[A] The police work hard on hopeless offences to create a lawful culture.
[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.
[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.
[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.
2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities is most probably due to_____
[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.
[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.
[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.
[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.
3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?
[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.
[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.
[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.
[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.
4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______
[A] the bottom line.
[B] controversial ideas.
[C] irritative factors.
[D] sensitive topics.
5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____
[A] his scheme is only empty talk.
[B] his scheme has not been implemented.
[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.
[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.
文章剖析：
这篇文章介绍了纽约市市长在公立学校方面的改革。第一段讲述纽约市前市长在打击罪犯方面的改革成功事例;第二段讲述美国公立学校目前状况堪忧，而现任市长正在进行改革;第三、四、五段讲述他改革具体的方法和策略;第六段讲述改革成效有待实际来证明，也提到了两位市长在改革方面有一些相似点。
词汇注释：
dodgy adj. 危险的，难以管理的 mogul n. 显要人物
shun v. 避免，避开 voucher n. 证书
inflammatory adj. 煽动性的 philanthropist n. 慈善家
precinct n. 区域，范围
难句突破：
(1) Innovative policing methods, guided by the “broken windows” philosophy of cracking down on minor offences to encourage a culture of lawfulness, showed that a seemingly hopeless situation could be turned around.
[主体句式] Innovative policing methods showed that…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，带有一个宾语从句;guided by…是过去分词短语作主语的定语。
[句子译文] 新型的治安方法以“破窗户”原理指导，严厉打击小规模犯罪行为，鼓励遵纪守法的文化，这说明看起来没有希望的情形仍可以被扭转过来。
(2) Instead, by using the carrot of pay rises to extract performance concessions from principals and teachers, and by persuading philanthropists such as Bill Gates to pay for innovations that might be hard to sell to the public if the public had to pay for them, he has put in place a system based on transparency, accountability and competition that he hopes will achieve much the same effect.
[主体句式] Instead, he has put in place a system…
[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，两个by组成的结构是句子的方式状语，第二个结构比较复杂;that引导的定语从句用来修饰innovations; 在该定语从句中，if引导的条件状语从句做句子的状语;最后面的that引导的定语从句是用来修饰a system的。
[句子译文] 可以使用增加工资的方法来取得学生和老师之间的妥协，对于那些需要公众付费才能使用而一般难有销路的发明创造，就可以说服象比尔·盖茨那样的慈善家买单，Bloomberg 已经通过这些方法将这个基于透明、责任心和竞争力的体系安置妥当了，可望能够达到同样的效果。
题目分析：
1. Which one of the following actions may be carried out according to the “broken windows” philosophy?1. 下列哪个行动是根据“破窗户”原理实施的?
[A] The police work hard on hopeless offenses to create a lawful culture.[A] 警察努力工作解决那些看起来没有希望破获的犯罪案例，以创造一个法治的文化。
[B] The police make the punishment harsher for all kinds of crime.[B] 警察对所有形式的犯罪采取更为严厉的惩戒办法。
[C] People are encouraged to give an immediate report about the crime nearby.[C] 鼓励人们看到周围的犯罪行为后马上报告。
[D] Burglars are given a severe punishment.[D] 给夜盗以严厉的惩罚。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推力题。本题的关键在于理解“破窗户”原理的含义，文章第一段提到，该原理就是严厉打击小的犯罪，从而营造一种遵纪守法的文化。那么，这四个选项中，只有D选项是严厉打击小犯罪活动的，因此是正确答案。A选项具有较强的干扰性，所谓“hopeless offenses”并不仅仅指小犯罪活动，因此该选项错误。B选项的错误也是由于同样的原因，因为所针对的不是所有形式的犯罪。C选项则与题干的意思无关。
2. The poor performance of America’s government-funded public schools in big cities are most probably due to_____2. 美国政府资助的在大城市公立学校成绩不佳的原因最有可能是_____
[A] a rampant growth of the urban crime.[A] 城市犯罪猖獗。
[B] low rate of graduation and student literacy.[B] 学生毕业率低、识字率低。
[C] the poor management of the schools in terms of teaching method and teacher qualification.[C] 由于教学方法差和教师素质低而导致的学校管理较差。
[D] certain reasons which are not mentioned in the passage.[D] 文章没有提到的某些原因。
[答案]D
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。纵观全文，其实文章中对于公立学校为什么成绩差的原因并没有说明，而是着重讲述改革的方法。因此，答案为D选项，而其他三个选项均是混淆视听的干扰选项。
3. Which one of the following is TURE of Mr Bloomberg’s reform on publcih schools?3. 关于Bloomberg对于公立学校的改革，下列哪个选项是正确的?
[A] He was encouraged to establish a transparent and accountable system without controversial ideas.[A] 他鼓励建立一个透明和负责的没有争端的系统。
[B] He was intentionally copying Mr Giuliani’s models in most aspects.[B] 在很多方面他有意模仿Giuliani先生的模式。
[C] He was moderate in taking measures to change the schools system.[C] 他在采取改革措施比较温和。
[D] He adopted measures that were difficult for people to understand.[D] 他采取了一些人们难以理解的措施。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 细节题。选项A，第五段末尾提到“他已经通过这些方法将基于透明、责任心和竞争力的一个体系安置妥当”，然而该段开头也提到了“Bloomberg先生用自己的行动证明了即使不采取这些有争议的方法”，这说明其实他的方法是存在争议的，由此可见该陈述错误;选项B，文章最后一段虽然提到他们两个改革有相似之处，但也仅限于两点，而且也不一定是Bloomberg先生故意模仿;选C，第四段提到，Bloomberg先生改革的勇气比不上Giuliani先生打击犯罪改革的勇气，可见他风格并不激进和大胆，后面又提到他避免有争议的做法，而选择了更为稳妥的方案。因此，可以看出他比较稳健，该陈述正确;选D, 这点文章没有提及。因此，C选项为正确答案。
4. The phrase “red rag” (Line 3, Paragraph 5) most probably means______4. “red rag” (第五段第三行)最有可能的意思为_____
[A] the bottom line.[A] 底线。
[B] controversial ideas.[B] 有争议的主意。
[C] irritative factors.[C] 引人发怒的因素。
[D] sensitive topics.[D] 敏感的话题。
[答案]C
[难度系数] ☆
[分析] 推力题。第五段提到，Bloomberg先生没有采取“活动付酬”和“书面许书”;有上一段可以看出，“书面许书”会让家长选择公立学校之外的教育资源，这样公立学校老师就面对巨大的压力，那么教师肯定对此采取一种反抗态度，因此，选项中C最为符合这个意思。
5. Mr. Bloomberg’s scheme is compared to a blackboard with no chalk because_____5. Bloomberg的方案被比作没有粉笔的黑板，这是因为_____
[A] his scheme is only empty talk.[A] 他的方案只是空谈。
[B] his scheme has not been implemented.[B] 他的方案还没被实施。
[C] his scheme sounds too good to be true.[C] 他的方案太好了，以至于听起来不像是真的。
[D] his scheme awaits to be rectified.[D]他的方案等待被核准。
[答案]B
[难度系数] ☆☆☆
[分析] 推理题。文章最后一段提到这些能否实现关键在于Bloomberg先生行动是否和诺言一致，目前看来是好的，因为只是计划，还未落实，好比没有写字的黑板一样，一切都有待书写。因此，选项中B最为符合该题意。
参考译文：
20世纪90年代，纽约市成功降低了犯罪率，成为美国和世界的榜样。新型的治安方法以“破窗户”原理指导，严厉打击小规模犯罪行为，鼓励遵纪守法的文化，这说明看起来没有希望的情形仍可以被扭转过来。这一事件使得纽约市市长Rudy Giuliani一举成名，现在他是总统候选人。
许多人们对于美国政府资助的公立学校都感到失望，特别是大城市中难以管理的地方，那里的毕业率惊人的低，许多学生连最低的读写和算术水平都达不到。和城市犯罪一样，城市学校问题也困扰着世界上的许多国家。正当纽约提出打击犯罪新主张的时候，在新任市长Michael Bloomberg的领导下，纽约正崛起成为学校改革的模范。
11月5日，Bllomberg宣布城市学校中使用一种新的“声誉卡”，促使学校为自己的表现负责。高分学校可以获得更多的经费，甚至学生也会有奖金。而那些表现不佳的学校就不能再放任自流了，除非其成绩可以提高起来，否则就解散学生。如果还不能奏效，那么就得关门。Bloomberg先生于2002年担任市长后，他通过努力并赢得了对学校系统的直接监控权，自此开始了一系列改革，而这次算是达到了顶点。在“声誉卡”实施之前，学校就有显著的进步迹象，比如考试分数有所提高，毕业率也上升了。
Bloomberg先生在学校改革方面的勇气还比不上Giuliani先生在打击犯罪改革方面的勇气。他说对竞争很有信心，但这位前媒体大亨却避开最激进的选择，即发出教育权以允许家长在公立学校系统之外给孩子们选择教育资源。另一方面，即使是像本报这样的择校支持者也得承认很难出售这种教育券。而Bloomberg也没有大力引进洛杉矶现有的大量独立特许学校。
对于这些，Bloomberg先生用自己的行动证明了即使不采取这些有争议的方法，一个对学校拥有控制权的市长可以做些什么。他没有使用那些有煽动性的政治词语，如“活动付酬”和“书面证书”，这些都会激怒教师协会。可以使用增加工资的方法来取得学生和老师之间的妥协，对于那些需要公众付费才能使用而一般难有销路的发明创造，就可以说服象比尔·盖茨那样的慈善家买单，Bloomberg 已经通过这些方法将这个基于透明、责任心和竞争力的体系安置妥当了，可望能够达到同样的效果。
那么这能实现吗?主要还得取决于Bloomberg先生的行动能否一直兑现他坚决的诺言。除非糟糕的学校真的关了门，否则他的计划就像是没有粉笔字的黑板一样，看起来永远都那么好。但是这里也有与Giuliani先生打击犯罪改革相似的地方。纽约警察总局的大型ComStat数据库曾在犯罪类型方面提供了有价值的见解，而由IBM设计的一个为学生、家长、老师和学校管理者服务的全新学校信息系统也已经开始运行了。而让地区警察队长亲自负责降低犯罪率的理念同样也运用到了学校评分和开除表现不好的学生上。
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