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　　医学考博阅读理解习题 (3)

　　There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to

　　appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or

　　dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to

　　be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in

　　their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe

　　them.

　　The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional

　　journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet

　　informative way, focusing mostly on the main features oft he research such as

　　the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"),

　　procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and

　　graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as

　　discussion).

　　The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the

　　intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the

　　researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the

　　journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the

　　practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles

　　intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to

　　collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques

　　used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be

　　aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of

　　evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be

　　published or not.

　　The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which

　　graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced

　　academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the

　　phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the

　　reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of

　　the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed

　　information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their

　　development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an

　　interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and

　　recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is

　　needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to

　　carry out research.

　　The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences,

　　seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented

　　orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a

　　concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the

　　research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As

　　with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report

　　will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting,

　　and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

　　1.The best title for this passage could be ______.

　　A. Types of Research Reports

　　B. Types of Journal Articles

　　C. Writing of research Reports

　　D. Writing of Different Articles

　　2.The common aspect for the journal articles, these and conference papers

　　lies in that ______.

　　A. they are all for the practitioners

　　B. they are all to be read by researchers

　　C. they are all for being published

　　D. they are all forms of reporting research

　　3.We can distinguish those research reports from each other mainly through

　　______.

　　A. their writing style and length

　　B. their aims and possible audiences

　　C. their presented places and time

　　D. their content and purposes

　　4.Which of the following statements is not mentioned in this passage?

　　A. Both journal articles and conference papers are reported in a brief and

　　informative way.

　　B. All the theses or dissertations and conference papers are reported in

　　spoken languages.

　　C. Both the journal articles and conference papers are influenced greatly

　　by the intended receivers.

　　D. The various formats of research reports may be presented in different

　　ways.

　　5.How can a professor evaluate a student's capability of implementing the

　　research?

　　A. By concentrating on the main factors like the purpose, background,

　　procedures and disscussion.

　　B. By emphasizing the practical implications and recommendations of the

　　research.

　　C. By focusing on the detailed description of the process of the research

　　such as the tools, procedures, the process of data analysis, the results, and

　　conclusions etc.

　　D. By noticing the detailed method used to collect the data, the

　　construction of the data collection procedures, the techniques for analyzing the

　　date and results etc.

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