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We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us, what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior, and what we believe to be health, and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their beliefs and interpretations of reality.
We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called" majority" of white, middle-class, protestant heritage. The degree to which we identify With an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity, and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual's or a family's identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.
American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community health nurses will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity. A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse's own. Those community health nurses who are a most sensitive to variations in clients' beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promotion their wellness.
Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities. Recognizing that clients are individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients' ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client, and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.
81. We live in the social environment
A. without difference cultural experiences B. of the same behavior and belief
C. with a shared culture D. of the same race
82. The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph
A. assimilation into a large society
B. identification with an ethnic heritage
C. the conflict between identification and assimilation
D. the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority
83. According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community
A. that reflects ethical and cultural diversity
B. without assimilating into its ethnic heritage
C. that is sensitive to his/her beliefs and behaviors
D. without recognizing its ethical and cultural diversity
84. Community health nurses are supposed to
A. be sensitive to variations in clients' beliefs and behaviors
B. abandon the stereotypical views of clients' groups
C. examine their own culture
D. all of the above
85. Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?
A. Identification with and assimilation into ethnic groups.
B. Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groups.
C. Communication and community.
D. Culture and health care.
Passage Six
I'm in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side. I'm best known for my work in virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980s. As a musician I write, perform, and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Orchestra of
Wroclaw, Poland.
All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can't collect royalties when people use it, So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this, a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.
Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for reasons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They aren't thinking about the harsh logic at the core of this technology. They do not under- stand what I call the Law of the Excluded Digital Middle : Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between. An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail, meant to send text, might also surprisingly be used to send music. A closed tool is one in which there are technical restrictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them ; consequently, they tend to be more innovative. Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.
1. The Napster issue
A. is one concerning copyright infringement or violation
B. is a dispute between music companies and the court
C. has been settled in favor of music lovers
D. will result in a boom of sales for music companies
2. The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows.
A. the risks it may encounter B. the potential: a way of its usage
C. the number of its users D. the amount of its net profit
3. People who use closed digital tools end up
A. making huge profits B. creating new techniques
C. paying for services D. facing legal punishments
4. It is implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by
A. encouraging innovations B. protecting copyrights
C. controlling costs D; charging customers
5. The attitude of the author towards the anti,Napster action is
A. supportive B. ambiguous C. indifferent D. negative
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