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　　The Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

　　Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic

　　researchers and administrators even 15 years ago. Now it is an ever-present part

　　of discussions on research policies and directions. This new importance of

　　intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships

　　of research at universities to the surrounding society. Until recently, research

　　at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic

　　utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic

　　research as the final goal.

　　Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology

　　licensing operations. The number of U.S. patents granted to American

　　universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995. The

　　direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves

　　has been relatively small. In contrast, the impact of university technology

　　transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to

　　the concusion that the Licensing Act is one of the most successful pieces of

　　economic development in recent history. It has been estimated that more than

　　200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and

　　manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing

　　fairly rapidly as the licenses mature. 

　　Intellectual property terms have become vitally important. The company

　　wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these

　　results will not be available to their competitors. But most universities insist

　　that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will

　　not agree to keep the project results secret. The key to resolving this dilemman

　　is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first

　　agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the

　　commercial market place.

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