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Fair punishment supports human altruism
The idea of fair punishment helps to maintain altruism in human groups, new
experiments have shown. People playing an investing game with real money rapidly
abandoned their altruistic behaviour if they felt the punishment given for
selfish acts was unwarranted.
Human altruism intrigues researchers because evolutionary theory predicts
that we should only be kind to others if there is something in it for us. But
people frequently help out strangers even if they do not expect to meet them
again, e.g. tipping waiters or giving to charity.
This unqualified generosity shows through the experiments of Ernst Fehr at
the University of Zurich, Switzerland, and Bettina Rockenbach at the University
of Erfurt in Germany.
But the important role of fair punishment was a surprise. It may be that
groups of our ancestors who found the best strategies to promote altruism
prospered, and bequeathed their behaviours to us.
Rate of return
The investing games were run anonymously between pairs of students. The
"investor" can invest up to 10 monetary units (one MU equals 0.26 Euro) with a
"trustee", and requests a specific rate of return. The trustee receives triple
the investment put in by the investor and then can choose how much, if any, to
return.
Even though anonymous trustees could have just kept the investment without
being identified, 19 out of 24 of them returned some money. And the more money
invested - implying faith in the trustee by the investor - the more they
returned. Next, the researchers gave the investors the option of setting a
punishment for the trustee in advance, if they did not return the amount asked
for. A fine of four MUs would be deducted from the trustee's earnings if they
paid back too little.
Choosing not to impose any punishment clearly went down well with the
trustees - they gave back 50 per cent more money on average. "They feel an
obligation to pay back, because they have been treated nicely by the investor,"
says Fehr.
Getting greedy
Women attracted to altruistic men, but not vice versa
But, crucially, trustees make a distinction between fair and unfair
punishments. When the requested return is low, meaning the trustee will make
more than the investor, then imposing a fine did not significantly change the
payback given.
However, if the investor is more greedy and asks for a large return that
leaves the trustee worse off, then an additional threat of punishment makes
trustees slash their payouts by nearly two thirds.
"If people feel the punishment is fair, they respond by cooperating," says
Herbert Gintis, an economist and expert in human altruism at the University of
Massachusetts in Amherst, but they react very badly to an unfair punishment.
Journal reference: Nature (vol 422, p 137)
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