2021年考博英语词汇语法题 (1)
2021.08.10 15:46

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  基本结构

  (一)肯定式

  主语+助动词have /has +过去分词+其它

  说明:这里的have /has是助动词,没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has,其余人称一律用have。 has,have的缩略式分别为's或've。规则动词过去分词的构成与过去式的构成方式一样,不规则动词可参看不规则动词表。实例:

  1)I've just copied all the new words .我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)

  2)She has lost her books .她丢失了她的书。 (表示到目前为止还没有找到)

  (如果用过去时:She lost her books . 则强调书是过去丢的这一动作,而不知现在有没有找到)

  3)We've just cleaned the classroom .我们刚好打扫了教室。(表明现在教室是干净的)

  (二)否定式

  主语+助动词have /has+not+过去分词+其它

  说明:现在完成时构成否定句时,只需在助动词have /has后面加not就行。have not,has not的缩略式分别为haven't ,hasn't。另外,肯定句中有some,already时,改为否定时要分别改成any,yet。实例:

  1)I haven't finished my homework yet.我还没有完成我的作业。

  2)She hasn't travelled on a train .她没有坐火车旅行过。

  3)We have never spoken to a foreigner.我们从来没有和外国人说过话。

  注:有时not可以用never代替,表示“从来没有”的意思。又如:

  4)I have never seen him before.以前我从来没有见过他。

  (三)一般疑问式

  助动词Have /Has +主语+过去分词+其它 ?

  说明:把陈述句中的have或has放到句首,句末打问号,同时把句中的some ,already改为any ,ye t就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用“Yes ,主语+have/has.否定回答用“No,主语+haven't/hasn't.”有时也可以用“No,not , even once.”等。实例:

  1)—Have you ever made dumplings ?你曾经做过饺子吗?

  —Yes ,I have .是的,我做过。

  2)—Has she ever been abroad ?她曾经出过国吗?

  —No,never.不,从来没有。

  3)—Have they found the lost books yet ?他们已经找到了丢失的书吗?

  —Yes ,they have.是的,他们找到了。

  注意:当句中有否定词not ,hardly(几乎不),never的时候,在改为反意疑问句时,附加部分用肯定形式。例如:You have never come to our school ,have you ?你以前从来没有来过我们学校,是吗?

  基本用法

  1:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时,常与时间副词already(已经) ,yet(还、已经) ,just(刚刚、仅仅) ,ever(曾经) ,never(从不) ,before(以前)等连用。这几个副词的用法如下:

  1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。实例:

  1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。

  (“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)

  2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。

  (洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)

  注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。实例:

  3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已经见过他了?

  2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:

  1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已经找到他的手表了吗?

  —No,not yet.不,还没有。

  2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .

  那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)

  3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

  He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。

  4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

  1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过香港吗?

  2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。

  5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:

  I have never travelled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。

  6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实例:

  1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?

  2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。

  时态比较

  一、现在完成时和一般过去时的比较

  ①两者都可表示过去发生过的动作,但前者表示的是过去的动作对现在的影响,

  而后者则只是表示过去有这一动作的事实。

  He locked the door. 他锁过门 (但现在门是开是锁不清楚。)

  He has locked the door. 他把门锁上了。 (现在门是锁着的。)

  Who turned on the light?

  谁开的灯? (着眼开灯的动作,不管现在灯是开是关。)

  Who has turned on the light?

  谁把灯打开了? (着眼开灯的结果,即现在灯还亮着。)

  ② 两者都可表示过去开始并延续了一段时间的动作,

  现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续,而一般过去时则说明该动作现已终止。

  He has lived in Beijing for four years.

  他在北京住了四年了。 (现在仍住那儿。)

  He lived in Beijing for four years.

  他曾在北京住了四年。 (现在不住那儿了。)

  二、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别

  在与表示一段时间的状语(for, since短语)连用时,两种时态可以互换使用

  I have been studying English for over two years

  =I have studying English for over two years

  但在口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时。

  在不用表示一段时间的状语的情况下,现在完成进行时和现在完成时不可以随便互换使用:

  (1)现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性,现在完成时往往没有。试比较:

  They have been widening the road.(a) They have widened the road.(b)

  (a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工。(b)句的意思则是已完工了。

  (2)在不用时间状语的情况下,现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。

  而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如:

  The students have been preparing for the exam.(还在进行)学生们一直在准备考试。

  The students have prepared for the exam.(已经结束)学生们为考试作了准备。

  (3)有些表示状态,感情,感觉的动词如:have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时。如:

  They?ve known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。

  (4) 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复,而现在完成时一般不表示重复性。

  Have you been meeting him recently?你最近常和他见面吗?

  Have you met him recently? 你最近见到过他吗?

  (5) 现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。如:

  What have you been doing?(a) What have you done?(b)

  (a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。

  I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。 (可能表示不满)

  I have waited for you for two hours.  我等了你两个小时。 (说明一个事实)

  (6) 现在完成进行时强调动作,而现在完成时强调结果。

  Who has been eating the oranges? 谁一直在吃这些桔子呀? (还剩余一些)

  Who has eaten the oranges? 谁把桔子吃光了? (强调吃得一个不剩)

  三、有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时,但可用于现在完成时

  ①表示状态的动词:be, have, exist等

  ②表示感情的动词:like, love等

  ③表示感觉的动词:see, hear, know等

  He has had a cold for a week.

  I have known Mr. Li since I was ten.

  单项选择。

  1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .

  A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know

  2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?

  A. already B.never C.ever D. still

  3、Have you met Mr Li ______?

  A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago

  4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .

  A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written

  5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .

  —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .

  A. has changed ; well B. changed ; good

  C. has changed ; better D. changed ; better

  6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

  A. was ; studying B. will ; study

  C. has ; studied D. are ; studying

  7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .

  A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew

  8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .

  A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see

  9、—These farmers have been to the United States .

  —Really ? When _____ there ?

  A. will they go B. did they go

  C. do they go D. have they gone

  10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?

  —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

  A. Did ; do ; finished B. Have ; done ; finished

  C. Have ; done ; have finished D. will ; do ; finish

  11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .

  A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in

  12、—Do you know him well ?

  — Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .

  A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made

  13、—How long have you ____ here ?

  —About two months .

  A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived

  14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .

  A. has begun B. had begun

  C. has been on D. began

  15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .

  A. is B. has C. will D. was

  16、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .

  A.has gone B. went C.will go D. has been

  17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .

  A. have been in B. have been to

  C. have gone to D. have been

  18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?

  A. so they B. don’t they C. have they D. haven’t they

  19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?

  A. How soon, comes B. How often, got

  C. How long, came D. How far, arrived

  20、His uncle for more than 9 years.

  A. has come here B. has started to work

  C. has lived there D. has left the university

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