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Jan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laboratories, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papersons every 16 days—detailing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers—which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature—the jig was up. In October 2002, a Bell Labs investigation found that Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.
In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become too powerful as arbiters of what science reaches to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.
Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters, neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in the New York Times and other publications.
Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's “Impact Factor”, a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the “Impact Factor” as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting.
54.The achievements of Jan Hendrik Schon turned out to be ______.
A.surprising B.inconceivable
C.praiseworthy D.fraudulent
55.To find why scientific scandals like Schon's occur, people have begun to raise doubt about the two top journals for ______.
A.their academic prestige
B.their importance to career success
C.their popularity with scientific circles
D.their reviewing system
56.According to the passage, what makes Science and Nature powerful?
A.They cover the best researches on a variety of subjects.
B.They publish controversial papers that others won't.
C.They prefer papers on highly specialized research.
D.They have a special system of peer-review.
57.The expression “the cream of the crop” in paragraph 3 most likely means“ ______ ”.
A.the most of all B.the best of all
C.the recently released D.the widely spread
58.Scientists know that by reaching the journalists for Science and Nature they would get a better chance to ______.
A.have more of their papers published in the journals in the future
B.have their names appear in many other renown publications
C.have their research results understood by the general public
D.have their superiors give them monetary award for the publication
59.Compared with other journals, Nature and Science would give the authors an extra benefit that their papers ______.
A.will be more likely to become influential and be cited
B.will be more likely to be free from challenge by peers
C.will be reviewed with greater care to ensure the authority
D.will reappear in their original in papers like the New York Times