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PAPER TWO
PART IV TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 15 points)
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in proper space on your ANSWER SHEET.
The first edition of Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions appeared in 1962. (1) His vision revolutionized the way we think about science，and it has given us a new way to look at change in “science” itself. (2) Whereas previous visions of science saw science as an accumulation of all that had been learned over history, Kuhn envisioned science as having，at any one time, a worldview, or “paradigm (范式)”，of its environment. Kuhn (库眉I) postulated that most scientists engage in “ normal science ” that often results in
solid, but relatively incremental gains, which nevertheless accumulate and collectively contribute to research and subsequent scientific knowledge forward. When anomalies arise, some individual(s) step(s) out of the paradigm, and propose( s) a new principle or law. (3) If the scientific community accepts the proposed change, then science experiences a “paradigm shift”，and new science proceeds with that new paradigm.
Paradigm shifts are important, and a necessary part of life. Things do change, and we have to adjust and adapt to that change. Perhaps not surprisingly, important paradigm shifts often come from the young. (4) It usually takes a long time to effect a paradigm shift—often as much as 20-25 years— which，perhaps not so coincidently，is about the life of a generation. (5) A relatively recent white paper emanating from MIT justifiably argues that the intersections of arrays of scientists，engineers, mathematicians，as well as individuals with a host of many other professional talents, will be the next Kuhnian scientific revolution and in fact，the “Third” biomedical revolution. This new revolution is broadly known as Convergence.