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Part B Reading Comprehension
Section A (60 minutes, 30 points)
Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B，C，and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.
Passage Three
Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to cooperate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exchange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people become—in toleration of diversity if nothing else. Members of a culture or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this way, there develops “ national character”，which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow similar behavior patterns.
Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics” of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy” by citizens of some industrialized nations. On the other hand, it may be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity”，and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of the label “lazy” is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture.
Stereotypes, such as “lazy”，“inscrutable,” and “dishonest” give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of different cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they” distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “ wes ’’ have and the “ theys ’’ do not have—and the characteristics attributed to the “theys” are usually ones with a negative value.
The distinction becomes most obvious in times of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We”，the earthlings, would then fight “them”，the outsiders. Given the great diversities—real and imagined一among people of the world, is there any foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.
48. What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?
A. Extensive communications. B. Language development.
C. Close cooperation. D. Direct interactions.
49. “National character” is built among people who .
A. like each other B. share the same values
C. speak the same language D. think in the same way
50. To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are .
A. idle B. carefree C. inefficient D. well-organized
51. With stereotypes, people tend to .
A. react to each other on a regular basis B. see different cultures in different ways
C. take their own culture as the best of all D. describe other cultures with labels
52. What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?
A. He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.
B. He was considered as a distinguished volunteer.
C. He was discriminated against by the whites.
D. He was excluded from the black Africans.
53. It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when .
A. people are willing to abandon their “national character”
B. people of different nations hold similar political views
C. human beings as a whole have one common enemy
D. human beings are able to contact beings in outer space.