2020医学博士英语新大纲听力题型有所变动，但做题方法和考点不变!重点练习长对话和短文!新大纲中减少了旧大纲中的短对话题，重点增加了长对话与短文两个部分的数量。其中，长对话部分由以前的1个对话，变成了三个相对较短的5个长对话，题也由原来的5题，增加至15题。听力内容方面：也不再仅限于有关医学方面的对话，而有可能增加通用题材的内容。短文听力方面，由原来的两个短文各5道题，增加至5篇医学科普短文，共15道题目。下面新东方在线考博频道为大家分享医学考博英语听力短文素材：什么是发热？。
huanying What is a fever? 什么是发热?
Fever is defined as a body temperature(体温) that is 1 or more degrees higher than normal. Normal body temperature varies from person to person, by age, by the time of day, and by the part of the body where it is measured. Other factors(因素) such as strenuous exercise(剧烈运动), medicines, or even excitement can also affect body temperature.
Your temperature can be measured with a thermometer(温度计，体温计) inthe mouth, ear, or rectum, or under the armpit. When the temperature is measured in the mouth (orally):
A temperature between 97 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit (F) 华氏温度, or 36.1 to 37.2 degrees Celsius (C)摄氏度, is considered normal.
A temperature of 100 to 102 degrees F (37.8 to 38.9 degrees C) is usually called a low-grade fever低热.
A temperature of 103 degrees F (39.5 degrees C) or higher is calleda high-grade fever高热.
Generally, oral temperatures of 102 degrees F (38.9 degrees C) or higher are fevers that may be more serious.
Temperatures measured in the ear or rectum are higher than oral temperatures by one half to 1 degree F (about one half degree C), and temperatures measured in the armpit are lower by one half to 1 degree F (about one half degree C).
What causes fever?
A fever is a symptom, not a disease. Fever can be a sign that the body is fighting an infection. Fever may occur with viral or bacterial infections such as ear infections, the flu, severe colds重感冒, sore throats喉咙痛, pneumonia肺炎, stomach viruses, or urinary tract infections. A fever can also be a symptom of other medical problems such as dehydration脱水, a thyroid disorder, or an autoimmune problem自身免疫疾病.
How is it treated?
Not all fevers mean you have a serious illness or need medicine. Children often have high temperatures, even with minor viral infections. On the other hand, older adults may have a serious infection and not have a fever.
For low-grade fevers below 101 degrees F (38.9 degrees C), get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids, especially water. Dress in light, comfortable clothing. Do not bundle (包裹) in heavy clothes or blankets. Keep the room cool but not uncomfortable. Bathing or sponging海绵擦浴法 in lukewarm微温的 water may also help. Medicines are not needed for a low-grade fever unless your healthcare provider recommends them.
Use nonprescription medicines非处方药 to reduce fever if the temperature is 102 degrees F (38.9 degrees C) or higher and you are feeling uncomfortable. Adults can use acetaminophen对乙酰氨基酚, ibuprofen布洛芬, naproxen萘普生(甲氧奈丙酸), or aspirin阿司匹林. Children under 18 years of age should not take aspirin or products containing salicylate水杨酸盐 (such as Pepto-Bismol胃肠用铋，次水杨酸铋) because of the risk of Reye's syndrome 雷氏综合症unless recommended by a healthcare provider. Take the medicine according to the directions on the package包装上的说明 or follow your provider's instructions遵医嘱.
Some precautions you should follow are:
Do not take acetaminophen if you have liver or kidney disease.
If you have asthma哮喘, ask your healthcare provider if it is OK to take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)非甾体抗炎药 such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.
Take NSAIDs with food or milk to prevent stomach upset胃肠不适，消化不良.
Do not give ibuprofen to babies infants 婴儿under 6 months of age.
Do not drink alcohol.
Medicines should reduce fever within 1 to 2 hours. Recheck your temperature to see if the medicine is working. You may need to repeat doses重复服药，重复剂量according to the directions until the illnessruns its course结束疾病周期. To keep track of doses, write down the name of the medicine and when each dose is taken, especially if you are taking more than 1 medicine.
When should I call my healthcare provider?
For fever in children contact your healthcare provider in the following cases:
a baby younger than 3 months with any fever
a baby between 3 and 6 months with a fever of 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) or higher
a baby between 6 and 12 months with a fever of 103 degrees F (39.5 degrees C) or higher
a fever that stays above 103 degrees F (39.5 degrees C) after an hour or two of home treatment
a fever that lasts more than 24 to 48 hours in a child less than 2 years old
a child who has a fever and is crying a lot, sleeping more than usual, or is not as alert as usual不像往常那么活泼
a fever of 104 degrees F (40 degrees C) or higher, unless it comes down easily with treatment and the child is comfortable.
Other symptoms of concern with a fever in children are:
lethargy无精打采 (awake, but not active or interested in anything)
repeated vomiting
being too ill to drink or refusing to drink
stomachache
severe headache
a rash出疹子
behavior that is different than usual, especially constantly irritable.
Adults should contact their healthcare provider if they have:
a fever of 103 degrees F (39.5 degrees C) or higher
a fever of 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) or higher that lasts longer than 2 days
fever and any of the following symptoms:
shortness of breath 呼吸急促，气促
severe headache or a headache that does not go away
a very stiff neck脖子发僵 and pain when bending the head forward
repeated vomiting
sensitivity to bright lights对强光敏感
confusion or drowsiness嗜睡
seizure or convulsion癫痫或惊厥
moderate to severe pain中重度疼痛, for example, abdominal pain or back pain
redness, swelling, tenderness触痛, or other signs of infection on their skin.
If you are pregnant, call your provider if you have:
a temperature of 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) or higher
any temperature that is higher than normal for you and lasts 3 or more days even though you are taking acetaminophen.
Also call your provider if a fever is getting worse or not getting betterafter 2 to 3 days of treatment.
Disclaimer: This content is reviewed periodically and is subject to change as new health information becomes available. The information provided is intended to be informative and educational and is not a replacement for professional medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional.
HIA File NEUR5057.HTM Release 11.0/2008
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