2017考博英语阅读练习（16）
基本所有博士研究生招生院校都会有考博英语阅读题型，考博英语阅读的提高不仅需要知道解题技巧更应在平时的练习中加以运用，同时还可以复习考博英语词汇，在此给大家整理了2017考博英语阅读练习，希望大家学以致用。
Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struck by monkeys’ aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.
Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.
[B] comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.
[C] explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.
[D] discussing the development of investigators’ theories about aggression among monkeys.
2. Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’ behavior?
[A] Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.
[B] Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.
[C] Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting, but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.
[D] Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys, but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.
3. The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’ social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because
[A] aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.
[B] successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.
[C] situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.
[D] most monkeys are potentially aggressive, yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.
4. The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?
[A] How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?
[B] Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?
[C] What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?
[D] How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?
[A] A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.
[B] A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it is cited.
[C] Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.
[D] Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.
[答案与考点解析]
1. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。全文从头至尾围绕着 “aggression”一词进行论述和讨论，故本题的正确答案中应含有“aggression”一词。第二段的第二句是本文论述和讨论中的一条分水岭，从该句往后叙述科学家们对“aggression”的新认识和发现;该句以前的部分叙述科学家们以往的认识。这就暗示了科学家有关“aggression”理论的进一步发展(development)。考生在阅读原文时应重视并且善于捕捉和理解有关对立对比对照的信息。
2. 【答案】D
【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。根据题干中的 “food deprivation”这两个单词可以把本题的答案信息来源确定在第二段的倒数第一、二句和第三段的首句，从这三句中可直接归纳推导出本题的正确选项D。考生在解题时要善于利用题干中的词语确定正确答案信息在原文中的准确位置。
3. 【答案】D
【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题型。考生可根据题干中的“have been especially interested in…”将本题的答案信息来源确定在第一段的第一句，因为第一句中的 “have always been struck by…”与之含义相同。 “strike”(过去分词是struck)的含义是“吸引”。第一句话中的 “the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior” 以及第二句话中的“the social mechanisms that control it”均暗示本题的正确答案是D。考生在解题时一定要首先具备审题定位的能力，其次还要善于理解原文的细节信息。
4. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道主题句理解题型。从客观上讲，本题的题干没有提供任何可以利用的信息帮助我们去在原文中确定本题的信息来源。但是从另一方面讲，这道题难在表面，易在本质，因为每一个注意到本文重点关键句的同学都不会忽略本文第二段的第二句，正是这句话给出了我们本题的正确答案。考生在解题时，尤其在迷失解题思路时，一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句以及每段的中心主旨句。这对于破解此类题型是非常重要的。
5. 【答案】A
【考点解析】这是一道段落结构以及句间关系识别题。第二段的第二句和第三句是对第二段第一句所提出的假设(hypothesis)的否定。第二段第二句利用 “Southwick” 的研究成果作为证据(evidence)来否定以前科学家的假设。故本题的正确答案应该是A。考生在解题时应重视每个段落中每句话之间的相互关系