2004年中国社会科学院考博英语翻译真题

　　考博英语真题是考博生们在复习考博英语时的重要参考资料，新东方在线整理了2004年中国社会科学院考博英语翻译真题供考生们参考复习。

　　Direction: Write your translations in your answer sheet.

　　Part A

　　Translate the underlined sentences into good Chinese. (15%)

　　Every society, beginning with some slight inclination in one direction or another, carries its preference farther and farther, integrating itself more and more completely upon its chosen basis, and discarding those types of behavior that are uncongenial. (1)Most of those organizations of personality that seem to us most uncontrovertibly abnormal have been used by different civilizations in the very foundations of their institutional life. Conversely the most valued traits of normal individuals have been looked on in differently organized cultures as aberrant. Normality, in short, within a very wide range, is culturally defined. It is primarily a term for the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture; and abnormality, is a term for the segment that particular civilization does not use. (2)The very eyes with which we see the problem are conditioned by the long traditional habits of our own society.

　　It is a point that has been made more often in relation to ethics than in relation to psychiatry. We do not any longer make the mistake of deriving the morality of our locality and decade directly from the inevitable constitution of human nature. We do not elevate it to the dignity of a frist principle. We recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convenient term for socially approved habits, Mankind has always preferred to say, “it is morally good,” rather than “it is habitual,” and the fact of this preference is matter enough for a critical science of ethics. But historically the two phrases are synonymous.

　　The concept of the normal is properly a variant of the concept of the good. It is that which society has approved. A normal action is one which falls well within the limits of expected behavior for a particular society. Its variability among different people is essentially a function of the variability of the behavior patterns that differnet societies have created for themselves, and can never be wholly divorced from a consideration of culturally institutionalized types of behavior. (3) Each culture is a more or less elaborate working out of the potentialities of the segment it has chosen. In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of any other culture those elaborations may include more and more extreme and aberrant traits. (4)

　　Each of these traits, in proportion as it reinforces the chosen behavior patterns of that culture, is for that culture, normal. Those individuals to whom it is congenial either congenitally, or as the result of childhood sets, are accorded prestige in that culture, and are not visited with the social contempt or disapproval which their traits would call down upon them in a society that was differently organized. On the other hand, those individuals whose characteristics are not congenial to the selected type of human behavior in that community are considered the deviants, no matter how valued their personality traits may be in a differenent civilization. (5)

　　Part B

　　Translate the following sentences into good English. (15 %)

　　1.观察和评价一个国家的人权状况，应考虑到该国的历史，社会、经济、文化等条件，不能割断该国的历史、脱离该国的国情，更不能按一个模式或某个国家或区域的情况来简单套用。各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。

　　2.当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以来最复杂、最深刻的变化。和平与发展依然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。和平是发展的前提，发展是和平的保障，在和平的环境中谋求发展已成为国际社会的共同愿望。

　　3.获得更多知识的惟一途径是通过教育和培训。知识如同资本、物质资源和汗水一样，已经变成了生产的一个必要因素——也许是最基本的困素。因此，一个社会的教育体系应该是能够向以知识为基础的工作迅速转变，否则这个社会就将不可避免地落在后面。